On 2021/4/15 22:31, Dennis Zhou wrote:
> On Thu, Apr 15, 2021 at 01:24:31PM +0800, Huang, Ying wrote:
>> Dennis Zhou <dennis@xxxxxxxxxx> writes:
>>
>>> On Wed, Apr 14, 2021 at 01:44:58PM +0800, Huang, Ying wrote:
>>>> Dennis Zhou <dennis@xxxxxxxxxx> writes:
>>>>
>>>>> On Wed, Apr 14, 2021 at 11:59:03AM +0800, Huang, Ying wrote:
>>>>>> Dennis Zhou <dennis@xxxxxxxxxx> writes:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Hello,
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Wed, Apr 14, 2021 at 10:06:48AM +0800, Huang, Ying wrote:
>>>>>>>> Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@xxxxxxxxxx> writes:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> On 2021/4/14 9:17, Huang, Ying wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@xxxxxxxxxx> writes:
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> On 2021/4/12 15:24, Huang, Ying wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>> "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@xxxxxxxxx> writes:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@xxxxxxxxxx> writes:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> We will use percpu-refcount to serialize against concurrent swapoff. This
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> patch adds the percpu_ref support for later fixup.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Signed-off-by: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@xxxxxxxxxx>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ---
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> include/linux/swap.h | 2 ++
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> mm/swapfile.c | 25 ++++++++++++++++++++++---
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> diff --git a/include/linux/swap.h b/include/linux/swap.h
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> index 144727041e78..849ba5265c11 100644
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> --- a/include/linux/swap.h
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +++ b/include/linux/swap.h
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> @@ -240,6 +240,7 @@ struct swap_cluster_list {
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> * The in-memory structure used to track swap areas.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> struct swap_info_struct {
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + struct percpu_ref users; /* serialization against concurrent swapoff */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> unsigned long flags; /* SWP_USED etc: see above */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> signed short prio; /* swap priority of this type */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> struct plist_node list; /* entry in swap_active_head */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> @@ -260,6 +261,7 @@ struct swap_info_struct {
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> struct block_device *bdev; /* swap device or bdev of swap file */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> struct file *swap_file; /* seldom referenced */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> unsigned int old_block_size; /* seldom referenced */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + struct completion comp; /* seldom referenced */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> #ifdef CONFIG_FRONTSWAP
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> unsigned long *frontswap_map; /* frontswap in-use, one bit per page */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> atomic_t frontswap_pages; /* frontswap pages in-use counter */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> diff --git a/mm/swapfile.c b/mm/swapfile.c
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> index 149e77454e3c..724173cd7d0c 100644
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> --- a/mm/swapfile.c
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +++ b/mm/swapfile.c
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> @@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> #include <linux/export.h>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> #include <linux/swap_slots.h>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> #include <linux/sort.h>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +#include <linux/completion.h>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> #include <asm/tlbflush.h>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> #include <linux/swapops.h>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> @@ -511,6 +512,15 @@ static void swap_discard_work(struct work_struct *work)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> spin_unlock(&si->lock);
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> }
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +static void swap_users_ref_free(struct percpu_ref *ref)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +{
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + struct swap_info_struct *si;
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + si = container_of(ref, struct swap_info_struct, users);
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + complete(&si->comp);
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + percpu_ref_exit(&si->users);
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Because percpu_ref_exit() is used, we cannot use percpu_ref_tryget() in
>>>>>>>>>>>>> get_swap_device(), better to add comments there.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> I just noticed that the comments of percpu_ref_tryget_live() says,
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> * This function is safe to call as long as @ref is between init and exit.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> While we need to call get_swap_device() almost at any time, so it's
>>>>>>>>>>>> better to avoid to call percpu_ref_exit() at all. This will waste some
>>>>>>>>>>>> memory, but we need to follow the API definition to avoid potential
>>>>>>>>>>>> issues in the long term.
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> I have to admit that I'am not really familiar with percpu_ref. So I read the
>>>>>>>>>>> implementation code of the percpu_ref and found percpu_ref_tryget_live() could
>>>>>>>>>>> be called after exit now. But you're right we need to follow the API definition
>>>>>>>>>>> to avoid potential issues in the long term.
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> And we need to call percpu_ref_init() before insert the swap_info_struct
>>>>>>>>>>>> into the swap_info[].
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> If we remove the call to percpu_ref_exit(), we should not use percpu_ref_init()
>>>>>>>>>>> here because *percpu_ref->data is assumed to be NULL* in percpu_ref_init() while
>>>>>>>>>>> this is not the case as we do not call percpu_ref_exit(). Maybe percpu_ref_reinit()
>>>>>>>>>>> or percpu_ref_resurrect() will do the work.
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> One more thing, how could I distinguish the killed percpu_ref from newly allocated one?
>>>>>>>>>>> It seems percpu_ref_is_dying is only safe to call when @ref is between init and exit.
>>>>>>>>>>> Maybe I could do this in alloc_swap_info()?
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Yes. In alloc_swap_info(), you can distinguish newly allocated and
>>>>>>>>>> reused swap_info_struct.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +}
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> static void alloc_cluster(struct swap_info_struct *si, unsigned long idx)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> {
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> struct swap_cluster_info *ci = si->cluster_info;
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> @@ -2500,7 +2510,7 @@ static void enable_swap_info(struct swap_info_struct *p, int prio,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> * Guarantee swap_map, cluster_info, etc. fields are valid
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> * between get/put_swap_device() if SWP_VALID bit is set
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> - synchronize_rcu();
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + percpu_ref_reinit(&p->users);
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Although the effect is same, I think it's better to use
>>>>>>>>>>>>> percpu_ref_resurrect() here to improve code readability.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Check the original commit description for commit eb085574a752 "mm, swap:
>>>>>>>>>>>> fix race between swapoff and some swap operations" and discussion email
>>>>>>>>>>>> thread as follows again,
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20171219053650.GB7829@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> I found that the synchronize_rcu() here is to avoid to call smp_rmb() or
>>>>>>>>>>>> smp_load_acquire() in get_swap_device(). Now we will use
>>>>>>>>>>>> percpu_ref_tryget_live() in get_swap_device(), so we will need to add
>>>>>>>>>>>> the necessary memory barrier, or make sure percpu_ref_tryget_live() has
>>>>>>>>>>>> ACQUIRE semantics. Per my understanding, we need to change
>>>>>>>>>>>> percpu_ref_tryget_live() for that.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> Do you mean the below scene is possible?
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> cpu1
>>>>>>>>>>> swapon()
>>>>>>>>>>> ...
>>>>>>>>>>> percpu_ref_init
>>>>>>>>>>> ...
>>>>>>>>>>> setup_swap_info
>>>>>>>>>>> /* smp_store_release() is inside percpu_ref_reinit */
>>>>>>>>>>> percpu_ref_reinit
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> spin_unlock() has RELEASE semantics already.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> ...
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> cpu2
>>>>>>>>>>> get_swap_device()
>>>>>>>>>>> /* ignored smp_rmb() */
>>>>>>>>>>> percpu_ref_tryget_live
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Some kind of ACQUIRE is required here to guarantee the refcount is
>>>>>>>>>> checked before fetching the other fields of swap_info_struct. I have
>>>>>>>>>> sent out a RFC patch to mailing list to discuss this.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I'm just catching up and following along a little bit. I apologize I
>>>>>>> haven't read the swap code, but my understanding is you are trying to
>>>>>>> narrow a race condition with swapoff. That makes sense to me. I'm not
>>>>>>> sure I follow the need to race with reinitializing the ref though? Is it
>>>>>>> not possible to wait out the dying swap info and then create a new one
>>>>>>> rather than push acquire semantics?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> We want to check whether the swap entry is valid (that is, the swap
>>>>>> device isn't swapped off now), prevent it from swapping off, then access
>>>>>> the swap_info_struct data structure. When accessing swap_info_struct,
>>>>>> we want to guarantee the ordering, so that we will not reference
>>>>>> uninitialized fields of swap_info_struct.
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> So in the normal context of percpu_ref, once someone can access it, the
>>>>> elements that it is protecting are expected to be initialized.
>>>>
>>>> If we can make sure that all elements being initialized fully, why not
>>>> just use percpu_ref_get() instead of percpu_ref_tryget*()?
>>>>
>>>
>>> Generally, the lookup is protected with rcu and then
>>> percpu_ref_tryget*() is used to obtain a reference. percpu_ref_get() is
>>> only good if you already have a ref as it increments regardless of being
>>> 0.
>>>
>>> What I mean is if you can get a ref, that means the object hasn't been
>>> destroyed. This differs from the semantics you are looking for which I
>>> understand to be: I have long lived pointers to objects. The object may
>>> die, but I may resurrect it and I want the old pointers to still be
>>> valid.
>>>
>>> When is it possible for someone to have a pointer to the swap device and
>>> the refcount goes to 0? It might be better to avoid this situation than
>>> add acquire semantics.
>>>
>>>>> In the basic case for swap off, I'm seeing the goal as to prevent
>>>>> destruction until anyone currently accessing swap is done. In this
>>>>> case wouldn't we always be protecting a live struct?
>>>>>
>>>>> I'm maybe not understanding what conditions you're trying to revive the
>>>>> percpu_ref?
>>>>
>>>> A swap entry likes an indirect pointer to a swap device. We may hold a
>>>> swap entry for long time, so that the swap device is swapoff/swapon.
>>>> Then we need to make sure the swap device are fully initialized before
>>>> accessing the swap device via the swap entry.
>>>>
>>>
>>> So if I have some number of outstanding references, and then
>>> percpu_ref_kill() is called, then only those that have the pointer will
>>> be able to use the swap device as those references are still good. Prior
>>> to calling percpu_ref_kill(), call_rcu() needs to be called on lookup
>>> data structure.
>>>
>>> My personal understanding of tryget() vs tryget_live() is that it
>>> provides a 2 phase clean up and bounds the ability for new users to come
>>> in (cgroup destruction is a primary user). As tryget() might inevitably
>>> let a cgroup live long past its removal, tryget_live() will say oh
>>> you're in the process of dying do something else.
>>
>> OK. I think that I understand your typical use case now. The resource
>> producer code may look like,
>>
>> obj = kmalloc();
>> /* Initialize obj fields */
>> percpu_ref_init(&obj->ref);
>> rcu_assign_pointer(global_p, obj);
>>
>> The resource reclaimer looks like,
>>
>> p = global_p;
>> global_p = NULL;
>> percpu_ref_kill(&p->ref);
>> /* wait until percpu_ref_is_zero(&p->ref) */
>> /* free resources pointed by obj fields */
>> kfree(p);
>>
>> The resource producer looks like,
>>
>> rcu_read_lock();
>> p = rcu_dereference(global_p);
>> if (!p || !percpu_ref_tryget_live(&p->ref)) {
>> /* Invalid pointer, go out */
>> }
>> rcu_read_unlock();
>> /* use p */
>> percpu_ref_put(&p->ref);
>>
>> For this use case, it's not necessary to make percpu_ref_tryget_live()
>> ACQUIRE operation. Because refcount doesn't act as a flag to indicate
>> whether the object has been fully initialized, global_p does. And
>> the data dependency guaranteed the required ordering.
>>
>
> Yes this is spot on.
>
>> The use case of swap is different. Where global_p always points to
>> the obj (never freed) even if the resources pointed by obj fields has
>> been freed. And we want to use refcount as a flag to indicate whether
>> the object is fully initialized. This is hard to be changed, because
>> the global_p is used to identify the stalled pointer from the totally
>> invalid pointer.
>>
>
> Apologies ahead of time for this possibly dumb question. Is it possible
> to have swapon swap out the global_p with
> old_obj = rcu_access_pointer(global_p);
> rcu_assign_pointer(global_p, obj);
> kfree_rcu(remove_old_obj) or call_rcu();
>
> Then the obj pointed to by global_p would always be valid, but only
> would be alive again if it got the new pointer?
Many thanks for both of you! Looks like a nice solution! Will try to do it in v2.
Thanks again! :)
>
>> If all other users follow the typical use case above, we may find some
>> other way to resolve the problem inside swap code, such as adding
>> smp_rmb() after percpu_ref_tryget_live().
>>
>
> I would prefer it.
>
>> Best Regards,
>> Huang, Ying
>
> Thanks,
> Dennis
>
> .
>
