On 23.01.20 15:52, Alexander Graf wrote: > > > On 23.01.20 15:05, David Hildenbrand wrote: >> On 23.01.20 11:20, Alexander Graf wrote: >>> Hi Alex, >>> >>> On 22.01.20 18:43, Alexander Duyck wrote: >>>> This series provides an asynchronous means of reporting free guest pages >>>> to a hypervisor so that the memory associated with those pages can be >>>> dropped and reused by other processes and/or guests on the host. Using >>>> this it is possible to avoid unnecessary I/O to disk and greatly improve >>>> performance in the case of memory overcommit on the host. >>>> >>>> When enabled we will be performing a scan of free memory every 2 seconds >>>> while pages of sufficiently high order are being freed. In each pass at >>>> least one sixteenth of each free list will be reported. By doing this we >>>> avoid racing against other threads that may be causing a high amount of >>>> memory churn. >>>> >>>> The lowest page order currently scanned when reporting pages is >>>> pageblock_order so that this feature will not interfere with the use of >>>> Transparent Huge Pages in the case of virtualization. >>>> >>>> Currently this is only in use by virtio-balloon however there is the hope >>>> that at some point in the future other hypervisors might be able to make >>>> use of it. In the virtio-balloon/QEMU implementation the hypervisor is >>>> currently using MADV_DONTNEED to indicate to the host kernel that the page >>>> is currently free. It will be zeroed and faulted back into the guest the >>>> next time the page is accessed. >>>> >>>> To track if a page is reported or not the Uptodate flag was repurposed and >>>> used as a Reported flag for Buddy pages. We walk though the free list >>>> isolating pages and adding them to the scatterlist until we either >>>> encounter the end of the list, processed as many pages as were listed in >>>> nr_free prior to us starting, or have filled the scatterlist with pages to >>>> be reported. If we fill the scatterlist before we reach the end of the >>>> list we rotate the list so that the first unreported page we encounter is >>>> moved to the head of the list as that is where we will resume after we >>>> have freed the reported pages back into the tail of the list. >>>> >>>> Below are the results from various benchmarks. I primarily focused on two >>>> tests. The first is the will-it-scale/page_fault2 test, and the other is >>>> a modified version of will-it-scale/page_fault1 that was enabled to use >>>> THP. I did this as it allows for better visibility into different parts >>>> of the memory subsystem. The guest is running with 32G for RAM on one >>>> node of a E5-2630 v3. The host has had some features such as CPU turbo >>>> disabled in the BIOS. >>>> >>>> Test page_fault1 (THP) page_fault2 >>>> Name tasks Process Iter STDEV Process Iter STDEV >>>> Baseline 1 1012402.50 0.14% 361855.25 0.81% >>>> 16 8827457.25 0.09% 3282347.00 0.34% >>>> >>>> Patches Applied 1 1007897.00 0.23% 361887.00 0.26% >>>> 16 8784741.75 0.39% 3240669.25 0.48% >>>> >>>> Patches Enabled 1 1010227.50 0.39% 359749.25 0.56% >>>> 16 8756219.00 0.24% 3226608.75 0.97% >>>> >>>> Patches Enabled 1 1050982.00 4.26% 357966.25 0.14% >>>> page shuffle 16 8672601.25 0.49% 3223177.75 0.40% >>>> >>>> Patches enabled 1 1003238.00 0.22% 360211.00 0.22% >>>> shuffle w/ RFC 16 8767010.50 0.32% 3199874.00 0.71% >>>> >>>> The results above are for a baseline with a linux-next-20191219 kernel, >>>> that kernel with this patch set applied but page reporting disabled in >>>> virtio-balloon, the patches applied and page reporting fully enabled, the >>>> patches enabled with page shuffling enabled, and the patches applied with >>>> page shuffling enabled and an RFC patch that makes used of MADV_FREE in >>>> QEMU. These results include the deviation seen between the average value >>>> reported here versus the high and/or low value. I observed that during the >>>> test memory usage for the first three tests never dropped whereas with the >>>> patches fully enabled the VM would drop to using only a few GB of the >>>> host's memory when switching from memhog to page fault tests. >>>> >>>> Any of the overhead visible with this patch set enabled seems due to page >>>> faults caused by accessing the reported pages and the host zeroing the page >>>> before giving it back to the guest. This overhead is much more visible when >>>> using THP than with standard 4K pages. In addition page shuffling seemed to >>>> increase the amount of faults generated due to an increase in memory churn. >>>> The overhead is reduced when using MADV_FREE as we can avoid the extra >>>> zeroing of the pages when they are reintroduced to the host, as can be seen >>>> when the RFC is applied with shuffling enabled. >>>> >>>> The overall guest size is kept fairly small to only a few GB while the test >>>> is running. If the host memory were oversubscribed this patch set should >>>> result in a performance improvement as swapping memory in the host can be >>>> avoided. >>> >>> >>> I really like the approach overall. Voluntarily propagating free memory >>> from a guest to the host has been a sore point ever since KVM was >>> around. This solution looks like a very elegant way to do so. >>> >>> The big piece I'm missing is the page cache. Linux will by default try >>> to keep the free list as small as it can in favor of page cache, so most >>> of the benefit of this patch set will be void in real world scenarios. >> >> One approach is to move (parts of) the page cache from the guest to the >> hypervisor - e.g., using emulated NVDIMM or virtio-pmem. > > Whether you can do that depends heavily on your virtualization > environment. On a host with single tenant VMs, that's definitely > feasible. In a Kubernetes environment, it might also be feasible. I would be interesting in which environments this is an actual problem that can't be solved in the hypervisor (e.g., see below). > > But when you have VMs that assume that the host is interfering with them > as little as possible, it becomes harder: ... then you don't want free page reporting or even ballooning I suppose :) > > How do you ensure fairness across different VMs' page cache that is > munged into a single big host one? Interesting question. I would assume that this problem (e.g., partitioning the page cache/priorities/etc..) either a) Already has been solved in the kernel for different processes/process groups/containers. So for VMs as well. b) Still is an open problem to solve for all these units. But: Not a cgroup/pagecache expert > > Do you even have host page cache or are you using SR-IOV / mdev for > storage for performance reasons? E.g., with virtio-mem, a file-backed file will be mmaped into your VM just like a NVDIMM. So there will be host page cache. But I am - unfortunately - not an expert on that matter as well (and not sure if it answers your question) :) > > > The puzzle is still incomplete, even with NVDIMM exposure to the guest > as an option unfortunately :). I think it is worth to note that free page reporting won't apply to all environments either way. There is a steady overhead to do the reporting and reporting only happens on >= 2MB chunks. There are setups where virtio-balloon might still be desirable. (e.g., fragmented guest, no runtime overhead, ...) All this fiddeling with the guest page cache feels wrong to me ... but there seem to be interesting approaches being discussed. So I do agree that the puzzle is still incomplete for some use cases / environments. -- Thanks, David / dhildenb
