It is observed that watermark_scale_factor when used to reduce
thundering herds in direct reclaim, reduces the direct reclaims,
but results in unnecessary reclaim due to kswapd running for long
after being woken up. The tests are done with 4 GB of RAM and the
tests done are multibuild and another which opens a set of apps
sequentially on Android and repeating the sequence N times. The
tests are done on 4.9 kernel.
The issue is caused by watermark_scale_factor creating larger than
required gap between low and high watermarks. The following results
are with watermark_scale_factor of 120.
wsf-120-default wsf-120-reduced-low-high-gap
workingset_activate 15120206 8319182
pgpgin 269795482 147928581
allocstall 1406 1498
pgsteal_kswapd 68676960 38105142
slabs_scanned 94181738 49085755
Even though kswapd does 80% more steal in the default case, it doesn't
make any significant improvement to the direct reclaims. The excessive
reclaims cause more pgpgin and increases app launch latencies.
The min-low gap is untouched by the patch. The low-high gap is made
a percentage of min-low gap. The fraction was derived considering
these,
1) The existing watermark_scale_factor logic was designed to fix
issues on high RAM machines and I assume that the current low-high
gap works well on those.
2) The gap should be reduced on low RAM targets where thrashing is
observed.
The multiplier 4 was chosen empirically which was seen to fix the
thrashing on <8GB devices.
With watermark_scale_factor as default 10, the low-high gap for different
memory sizes.
default-low_high_gap-pages this-patch-low_high_gap-pages
16M 4 4
512M 131 131
1024M 262 256
2048M 524 362
4096M 1048 512
8192M 2097 724
16384M 4194 1717
32768M 8388 4858
65536M 16777 13743
102400M 26214 26214
143360M 36700 36700
Signed-off-by: Vinayak Menon <vinmenon@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
---
mm/page_alloc.c | 15 ++++++++++++++-
1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
index c0f0b1b..ac75985 100644
--- a/mm/page_alloc.c
+++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
@@ -7223,7 +7223,20 @@ static void __setup_per_zone_wmarks(void)
watermark_scale_factor, 10000));
zone->watermark[WMARK_LOW] = min_wmark_pages(zone) + tmp;
- zone->watermark[WMARK_HIGH] = min_wmark_pages(zone) + tmp * 2;
+
+ /*
+ * Set the kswapd low-high distance as a percentage of
+ * min-low distance in such a way that the distance
+ * increases non-linearly with available memory. This
+ * ensures enough free memory without causing thrashing
+ * on small machines due to excessive reclaim by kswapd.
+ * Ensure a minimum distance on very small machines.
+ */
+ tmp = clamp_t(u64, mult_frac(tmp,
+ int_sqrt(4 * zone->managed_pages), 10000),
+ min_wmark_pages(zone) >> 2, tmp);
+
+ zone->watermark[WMARK_HIGH] = low_wmark_pages(zone) + tmp;
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lock, flags);
}
--
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