Re: Free memory never fully used, swapping

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On Fri, 2010-11-26 at 00:12 +0800, Mel Gorman wrote:
> On Thu, Nov 25, 2010 at 01:03:28AM -0800, Simon Kirby wrote:
> > > > <SNIP>
> > > >
> > > > This x86_64 box has 4 GB of RAM; zones are set up as follows:
> > > >
> > > > [    0.000000] Zone PFN ranges:
> > > > [    0.000000]   DMA      0x00000001 -> 0x00001000
> > > > [    0.000000]   DMA32    0x00001000 -> 0x00100000
> > > > [    0.000000]   Normal   0x00100000 -> 0x00130000
> > > > ...
> > > > [    0.000000] On node 0 totalpages: 1047279
> > > > [    0.000000]   DMA zone: 56 pages used for memmap
> > > > [    0.000000]   DMA zone: 0 pages reserved
> > > > [    0.000000]   DMA zone: 3943 pages, LIFO batch:0
> > > > [    0.000000]   DMA32 zone: 14280 pages used for memmap
> > > > [    0.000000]   DMA32 zone: 832392 pages, LIFO batch:31
> > > > [    0.000000]   Normal zone: 2688 pages used for memmap
> > > > [    0.000000]   Normal zone: 193920 pages, LIFO batch:31
> > > >
> > > > So, "Normal" is relatively small, and DMA32 contains most of the RAM.
> 
> Ok. A consequence of this is that kswapd balancing a node will still try
> to balance Normal even if DMA32 has enough memory. This could account
> for some of kswapd being mean.
> 
> > > > Watermarks from /proc/zoneinfo are:
> > > >
> > > > Node 0, zone      DMA
> > > >         min      7
> > > >         low      8
> > > >         high     10
> > > >         protection: (0, 3251, 4009, 4009)
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32
> > > >         min      1640
> > > >         low      2050
> > > >         high     2460
> > > >         protection: (0, 0, 757, 757)
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal
> > > >         min      382
> > > >         low      477
> > > >         high     573
> > > >         protection: (0, 0, 0, 0)
> > > >
> > > > This box has a couple bnx2 NICs, which do about 60 Mbps each.  Jumbo
> > > > frames were disabled for now (to try to stop big order allocations), but
> > > > this did not stop atomic allocations of order 3 coming in, as found with:
> > > >
> > > > perf record --event kmem:mm_page_alloc --filter 'order>=3' -a --call-graph -c 1 -a sleep 10
> > > > perf report
> > > >
> > > > __alloc_pages_nodemask
> > > > alloc_pages_current
> > > > new_slab
> > > > __slab_alloc
> > > > __kmalloc_node_track_caller
> > > > __alloc_skb
> > > > __netdev_alloc_skb
> > > > bnx2_poll_work
> > > >
> > > > From my reading of this, it seems like __alloc_skb uses kmalloc(), and
> > > > kmalloc uses the kmalloc slab unless (unlikely(size > SLUB_MAX_SIZE)),
> > > > where SLUB_MAX_SIZE is 2 * PAGE_SIZE, in which case kmalloc_large is
> > > > called which allocates pages directly.  This means that reception of
> > > > jumbo frames probably actually results in (consistent) smaller order
> > > > allocations!  Anyway, these GFP_ATOMIC allocations don't seem to be
> > > > failing, BUT...
> > > >
> 
> It's possible to reduce the maximum order that SLUB uses but lets not
> resort to that as a workaround just yet. In case it needs to be
> elminiated as a source of problems later, the relevant kernel parameter
> is slub_max_order=.
> 
> > > > Right after kswapd goes to sleep, we're left with DMA32 with 421k or so
> > > > free pages, and Normal with 20k or so free pages (about 1.8 GB free).
> > > >
> > > > Immediately, zone Normal starts being used until it reaches about 468
> > > > pages free in order 0, nothing else free.  kswapd is not woken here,
> > > > but allocations just start coming from zone DMA32 instead.
> 
> kswapd is not woken up because we stay in the allocator fastpath once
> that much memory hs been freed.
> 
> > > > While this
> > > > happens, the occasional order=3 allocations coming in via the slab from
> > > > __alloc_skb seem to be picking away at the available order=3 chunks.
> > > > /proc/buddyinfo shows that there are 10k or so when it starts, so this
> > > > succeeds easily.
> > > >
> > > > After a minute or so, available order-3 start reaching a lower number,
> > > > like 20 or so.  order-4 then starts dropping as it is split into order-3,
> > > > until it reaches 20 or so as well.  Then, order-3 hits 0, and kswapd is
> > > > woken.
> 
> Allocator slowpath.
> 
> > > > When this occurs, there are still a few order-5, order-6, etc.,
> > > > available.
> 
> Watermarks are probably not met though.
> 
> > > > I presume the GFP_ATOMIC allocation can still split buddies
> > > > here, still making order-3 available without sleeping, because there is
> > > > no allocation failure message that I can see.
> > > >
> 
> Technically it could, but watermark maintenance is important.
> 
> > > > Here is a "while true; do sleep 1; grep -v 'DMA ' /proc/buddyinfo; done"
> > > > ("DMA" zone is totally untouched, always, so excluded; white space
> > > > crushed to avoid wrapping), while it happens:
> > > >
> > > > Node 0, zone      DMA      2      1      1      2      1     1 1 0 1 1 3
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  25770  29441  14512  10426   1901   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    455      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > ...
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  23343  29405   6062   6478   1901   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    455      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  23187  29358   6047   5960   1901   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    455      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  23000  29372   6047   5411   1901   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    455      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  22714  29391   6076   4225   1901   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    455      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  22354  29459   6059   3178   1901   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    455      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  22202  29388   6035   2395   1901   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    455      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  21971  29411   6036   1032   1901   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    455      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  21514  29388   6019    433   1796   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    455      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  21334  29387   6019    240   1464   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    455      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  21237  29421   6052    216   1336   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    455      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  20968  29378   6020    244    751   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    453      1      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  20741  29383   6022    134    272   123 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    453      1      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  20476  29370   6024    117     48   116 4 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    453      1      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  20343  29369   6020    110     23    10 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    453      1      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  21592  30477   4856     22     10     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    453      1      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  24388  33261   1985      6     10     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    453      1      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  25358  34080   1068      0      4     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal    453      1      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  75985  68954   5345     87      1     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  18249      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81117  71630  19261    429      3     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  17908      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81226  71299  21038    569     19     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  18559      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81347  71278  21068    640     19     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  17928     21      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81370  71237  21241   1073     29     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  18187      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81401  71237  21314   1139     29     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  16978      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81410  71239  21314   1145     29     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  18156      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81419  71232  21317   1160     30     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  17536      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81347  71144  21443   1160     31     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  18483      7      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81300  71059  21556   1178     38     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  18528      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81315  71042  21577   1180     39     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  18431      2      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81301  71002  21702   1202     39     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  18487      5      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81301  70998  21702   1202     39     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  18311      0      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81296  71025  21711   1208     45     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  17092      5      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone    DMA32  81299  71023  21716   1226     45     4 2 0 0 0 0
> > > > Node 0, zone   Normal  18225     12      0      0      0     0 0 0 0 0 0
> > > >
> > > > Running a perf record on the kswapd wakeup right when it happens shows:
> > > > perf record --event vmscan:mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd -a --call-graph -c 1 -a sleep 10
> > > > perf trace
> > > >          swapper-0     [002] 1323136.979119: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=2 order=3
> > > >          swapper-0     [002] 1323136.979131: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=1 order=3
> > > >             lmtp-20593 [003] 1323136.984066: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=2 order=3
> > > >             lmtp-20593 [003] 1323136.984079: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=1 order=3
> > > >          swapper-0     [001] 1323136.985511: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=2 order=3
> > > >          swapper-0     [001] 1323136.985515: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=1 order=3
> > > >             lmtp-20593 [003] 1323136.985673: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=2 order=3
> > > >             lmtp-20593 [003] 1323136.985675: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=1 order=3
> > > >
> > > > This causes kswapd to throw out a bunch of stuff from Normal and from
> > > > DMA32, to try to get zone_watermark_ok() to be happy for order=3.
> 
> Yep.
> 
> > > > However, we have a heavy read load from all of the email stored on SSDs
> > > > on this box, and kswapd ends up fighting to try to keep reclaiming the
> > > > allocations (mostly order-0).  During the whole day, it never wins -- the
> > > > allocations are faster.  At night, it wins after a minute or two.  The
> > > > fighting is happening in all of the lines after it awakes above.
> > > >
> 
> It's probably fighting to keep *all* zones happy even though it's not strictly
> necessary. I suspect it's fighting the most for Normal.
> 
> > > > slabs_scanned, kswapd_steal, kswapd_inodesteal (slowly),
> > > > kswapd_skip_congestion_wait, and pageoutrun go up in vmstat while kswapd
> > > > is running.  With the box up for 15 days, you can see it struggling on
> > > > pgscan_kswapd_normal (from /proc/vmstat):
> > > >
> > > > pgfree 3329793080
> > > > pgactivate 643476431
> > > > pgdeactivate 155182710
> > > > pgfault 2649106647
> > > > pgmajfault 58157157
> > > > pgrefill_dma 0
> > > > pgrefill_dma32 19688032
> > > > pgrefill_normal 7600864
> > > > pgrefill_movable 0
> > > > pgsteal_dma 0
> > > > pgsteal_dma32 465191578
> > > > pgsteal_normal 651178518
> > > > pgsteal_movable 0
> > > > pgscan_kswapd_dma 0
> > > > pgscan_kswapd_dma32 768300403
> > > > pgscan_kswapd_normal 34614572907
> > > > pgscan_kswapd_movable 0
> > > > pgscan_direct_dma 0
> > > > pgscan_direct_dma32 2853983
> > > > pgscan_direct_normal 885799
> > > > pgscan_direct_movable 0
> > > > pginodesteal 191895
> > > > pgrotated 27290463
> > > >
> > > > So, here are my questions.
> > > >
> > > > Why do we care about order > 0 watermarks at all in the Normal zone?
> > > > Wouldn't it make a lot more sense to just make the DMA32 zone the only
> > > > one we care about for larger-order allocations?  Or is this required for
> > > > the hugepage stuff?
> > > >
> 
> It's not required. The logic for kswapd is "balance all zones" and
> Normal is one of the zones. Even though you know that DMA32 is just
> fine, kswapd doesn't.
> 
> > > > The fact that so much stuff is evicted just because order-3 hits 0 is
> > > > crazy, especially when larger order pages are still free.  It seems like
> > > > we're trying to keep large orders free here.  Why?
> 
> Watermarks. The steady stream of order-3 allocations is telling the
> allocator and kswapd that these size pages must be available. It doesn't
> know that slub can happily fall back to smaller pages because that
> information is lost. Even removing __GFP_WAIT won't help because kswapd
> still gets woken up for atomic allocation requests.
> 
> > > > Maybe things would be
> > > > better if kswapd does not reclaim at all unless the requested order is
> > > > empty _and_ all orders above are empty.  This would require hugepage
> > > > users to use CONFIG_COMPACT, and have _compaction_ occur the way the
> > > > watermark checks work now, but people without CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE could
> > > > just actually use the memory.  Would this work?
> > > >
> > > > There is logic at the end of balance_pgdat() to give up balancing order>0
> > > > and just try another loop with order = 0 if sc.nr_reclaimed is <
> > > > SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX.  However, when this order=0 pass returns, the caller of
> > > > balance_pgdat(), kswapd(), gets true from sleeping_prematurely() and just
> > > > calls right back to balance_pgdat() again.  I think this is why this
> > > > logic doesn't seem to work here.
> > > >
> 
> Ok, this is true. kswapd in balance_pgdat() has given up on the order
> but that information is lost when sleeping_prematurely() is called so it
> constantly loops. That is a mistake. balance_pgdat() could return the order
> so sleeping_prematurely() doesn't do the wrong thing.
> 
> > > > Is my assumption about GFP_ATOMIC order=3 working even when order 3 is
> > > > empty, but order>3 is not?  Regardless, shouldn't kswapd be woken before
> > > > order 3 is 0 since it may have nothing above order 3 to split from, thus
> > > > actually causing an allocation failure?  Does something else do this?
> > >
> > > even kswapd is woken after order>3 is empty, the issue will occur since
> > > the order > 3 pages will be used soon and kswapd still needs to reclaim
> > > some pages. So the issue is there is high order page allocation and
> > > lumpy reclaim wrongly reclaims some pages. maybe you should use slab
> > > instead of slub to avoid high order allocation.
> >
> > There are actually a few problems here.  I think they are worth looking
> > at them separately, unless "don't use order 3 allocations" is a valid
> > statement, in which case we should fix slub.
> >
> 
> SLUB can be forced to use smaller orders but I don't think that's the
> right fix here.
> 
> > The funny thing here is that slub.c's allocate_slab() calls alloc_pages()
> > with flags | __GFP_NOWARN | __GFP_NORETRY, and intentionally tries a
> > lower order allocation automatically if it fails.  This is why there is
> > no allocation failure warning when this happens.  However, it is too late
> > -- kswapd is woken and it ties to bring order 3 up to the watermark.
> > If we hacked __alloc_pages_slowpath() to not wake kswapd when
> > __GFP_NOWARN is set, we would never see this problem and the slub
> > optimization might still mostly work.
> 
> Yes, but we'd see more high-order atomic allocation (e.g. jumbo frames)
> failures as a result so that fix would cause other regressions.
> 
> > Either way, we should "fix" slub
> > or "fix" order-3 allocations, so that other people who are using slub
> > don't hit the same problem.
> >
> > kswapd is throwing out many times what is needed for the order 3
> > watermark to be met.  It seems to be not as bad now, but look at these
> > pages being reclaimed (200ms intervals, whitespace-packed buddyinfo
> > followed by nr_pages_free calculation and final order-3 watermark test,
> > kswapd woken after the second sample):
> >
> >   Zone order:0      1     2     3    4   5  6 7 8 9 A nr_free or3-low-chk
> >
> >  DMA32   20374  35116   975     1    2   5  1 0 0 0 0   94770 257 <= 256
> >  DMA32   20480  35211   870     1    1   5  1 0 0 0 0   94630 241 <= 256
> > (kswapd wakes, gobble gobble)
> >  DMA32   24387  37009  2910   297  100   5  1 0 0 0 0  114245 4193 <= 256
> >  DMA32   36169  37787  4676   637  110   5  1 0 0 0 0  137527 7073 <= 256
> >  DMA32   63443  40620  5716   982  144   5  1 0 0 0 0  177931 10377 <= 256
> >  DMA32   65866  57006  6462  1180  158   5  1 0 0 0 0  217918 12185 <= 256
> >  DMA32   67188  66779  9328  1893  208   5  1 0 0 0 0  256754 18689 <= 256
> >  DMA32   67909  67356 18307  2268  235   5  1 0 0 0 0  297977 22121 <= 256
> >  DMA32   68333  67419 20786  4192  298   7  1 0 0 0 0  324907 38585 <= 256
> >  DMA32   69872  68096 21580  5141  326   7  1 0 0 0 0  339016 46625 <= 256
> >  DMA32   69959  67970 22339  5657  371  10  1 0 0 0 0  346831 51569 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70017  67946 22363  6078  417  11  1 0 0 0 0  351073 55705 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70023  67949 22376  6204  439  12  1 0 0 0 0  352529 57097 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70045  67937 22380  6262  451  12  1 0 0 0 0  353199 57753 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70062  67939 22378  6298  456  12  1 0 0 0 0  353580 58121 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70079  67959 22388  6370  458  12  1 0 0 0 0  354285 58729 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70079  67959 22388  6387  460  12  1 0 0 0 0  354453 58897 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70076  67954 22387  6393  460  12  1 0 0 0 0  354484 58945 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70105  67975 22385  6466  468  12  1 0 0 0 0  355259 59657 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70110  67972 22387  6466  470  12  1 0 0 0 0  355298 59689 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70152  67989 22393  6476  470  12  1 0 0 0 0  355478 59769 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70175  67991 22401  6493  471  12  1 0 0 0 0  355689 59921 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70175  67991 22401  6493  471  12  1 0 0 0 0  355689 59921 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70175  67991 22401  6493  471  12  1 0 0 0 0  355689 59921 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70192  67990 22401  6495  471  12  1 0 0 0 0  355720 59937 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70192  67988 22401  6496  471  12  1 0 0 0 0  355724 59945 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70099  68061 22467  6602  477  12  1 0 0 0 0  356985 60889 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70099  68062 22467  6602  477  12  1 0 0 0 0  356987 60889 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70099  68062 22467  6602  477  12  1 0 0 0 0  356987 60889 <= 256
> >  DMA32   70099  68062 22467  6603  477  12  1 0 0 0 0  356995 60897 <= 256
> > (kswapd sleeps)
> >
> > Normal zone at the same time (shown separately for clarity):
> >
> > Normal     452      1     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0     454 -5 <= 238
> > Normal     452      1     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0     454 -5 <= 238
> > (kswapd wakes)
> > Normal    7618     76     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    7770 145 <= 238
> > Normal    8860     73     1     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    9010 143 <= 238
> > Normal    8929     25     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    8979 43 <= 238
> > Normal    8917      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    8917 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    8978     16     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    9010 25 <= 238
> > Normal    9064      4     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    9072 1 <= 238
> > Normal    9068      2     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    9072 -3 <= 238
> > Normal    8992      9     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    9010 11 <= 238
> > Normal    9060      6     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    9072 5 <= 238
> > Normal    9010      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    9010 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    8907      5     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    8917 3 <= 238
> > Normal    8576      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    8576 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    8018      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    8018 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6778      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6778 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6189      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6189 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6220      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6220 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6096      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6096 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6251      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6251 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6127      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6127 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6218      1     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6220 -5 <= 238
> > Normal    6034      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6034 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6065      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6065 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6189      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6189 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6189      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6189 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6096      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6096 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6127      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6127 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6158      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6158 -7 <= 238
> > Normal    6127      0     0     0    0   0  0 0 0 0 0    6127 -7 <= 238
> > (kswapd sleeps -- maybe too much turkey)
> >
> > DMA32 get so much reclaimed that the watermark test succeeded long ago.
> > Meanwhile, Normal is being reclaimed as well, but because it's fighting
> > with allocations, it tries for a while and eventually succeeds (I think),
> > but the 200ms samples didn't catch it.
> >
> 
> So, the key here is kswapd didn't need to balance all zones, any one of
> them would have been fine.
> 
> > KOSAKI Motohiro, I'm interested in your commit 73ce02e9.  This seems
> > to be similar to this problem, but your change is not working here.
> 
> It's not because sleeping_prematurely() interferes with it.
> 
> > We're seeing kswapd run without sleeping, KSWAPD_SKIP_CONGESTION_WAIT
> > is increasing (so has_under_min_watermark_zone is true), and pageoutrun
> > increasing all the time.  This means that balance_pgdat() keeps being
> > called, but sleeping_prematurely() is returning true, so kswapd() just
> > keeps re-calling balance_pgdat().  If your approach is correct to stop
> > kswapd here, the problem seems to be that balance_pgdat's copy of order
> > and sc.order is being set to 0, but not pgdat->kswapd_max_order, so
> > kswapd never really sleeps.  How is this supposed to work?
> >
> 
> It doesn't.
> 
> > Our allocation load here is mostly file pages, some anon pages, and
> > relatively little slab and anything else.
> >
> 
> I think there are at least two fixes required here.
> 
> 1. sleeping_prematurely() must be aware that balance_pgdat() has dropped
>    the order.
> 2. kswapd is trying to balance all zones for higher orders even though
>    it doesn't really have to.
> 
> This patch has potential fixes for both of these problems. I have a split-out
> series but I'm posting it as a single patch so see if it allows kswapd to
> go to sleep as expected for you and whether it stops hammering the Normal
> zone unnecessarily. I tested it locally here (albeit with compaction
> enabled) and it did reduce the amount of time kswapd spent awake.
> 
> ==== CUT HERE ====
> diff --git a/include/linux/mmzone.h b/include/linux/mmzone.h
> index 39c24eb..25fe08d 100644
> --- a/include/linux/mmzone.h
> +++ b/include/linux/mmzone.h
> @@ -645,6 +645,7 @@ typedef struct pglist_data {
>         wait_queue_head_t kswapd_wait;
>         struct task_struct *kswapd;
>         int kswapd_max_order;
> +       enum zone_type high_zoneidx;
>  } pg_data_t;
> 
>  #define node_present_pages(nid)        (NODE_DATA(nid)->node_present_pages)
> @@ -660,7 +661,7 @@ typedef struct pglist_data {
> 
>  extern struct mutex zonelists_mutex;
>  void build_all_zonelists(void *data);
> -void wakeup_kswapd(struct zone *zone, int order);
> +void wakeup_kswapd(struct zone *zone, int order, enum zone_type high_zoneidx);
>  int zone_watermark_ok(struct zone *z, int order, unsigned long mark,
>                 int classzone_idx, int alloc_flags);
>  enum memmap_context {
> diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
> index 07a6544..344b597 100644
> --- a/mm/page_alloc.c
> +++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
> @@ -1921,7 +1921,7 @@ void wake_all_kswapd(unsigned int order, struct zonelist *zonelist,
>         struct zone *zone;
> 
>         for_each_zone_zonelist(zone, z, zonelist, high_zoneidx)
> -               wakeup_kswapd(zone, order);
> +               wakeup_kswapd(zone, order, high_zoneidx);
>  }
> 
>  static inline int
> diff --git a/mm/vmscan.c b/mm/vmscan.c
> index d31d7ce..00529a0 100644
> --- a/mm/vmscan.c
> +++ b/mm/vmscan.c
> @@ -2118,15 +2118,17 @@ unsigned long try_to_free_mem_cgroup_pages(struct mem_cgroup *mem_cont,
>  #endif
> 
>  /* is kswapd sleeping prematurely? */
> -static int sleeping_prematurely(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, long remaining)
> +static bool sleeping_prematurely(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, long remaining)
>  {
>         int i;
> +       bool all_zones_ok = true;
> +       bool any_zone_ok = false;
> 
>         /* If a direct reclaimer woke kswapd within HZ/10, it's premature */
>         if (remaining)
>                 return 1;
> 
> -       /* If after HZ/10, a zone is below the high mark, it's premature */
> +       /* Check the watermark levels */
>         for (i = 0; i < pgdat->nr_zones; i++) {
>                 struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;
> 
> @@ -2138,10 +2140,20 @@ static int sleeping_prematurely(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, long remaining)
> 
>                 if (!zone_watermark_ok(zone, order, high_wmark_pages(zone),
>                                                                 0, 0))
> -                       return 1;
> +                       all_zones_ok = false;
> +               else
> +                       any_zone_ok = true;
>         }
> 
> -       return 0;
> +       /*
> +        * For high-order requests, any zone meeting the watermark is enough
> +        *   to allow kswapd go back to sleep
> +        * For order-0, all zones must be balanced
> +        */
> +       if (order)
> +               return !any_zone_ok;
> +       else
> +               return !all_zones_ok;
>  }
> 
>  /*
> @@ -2168,6 +2180,7 @@ static int sleeping_prematurely(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, long remaining)
>  static unsigned long balance_pgdat(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order)
>  {
>         int all_zones_ok;
> +       int any_zone_ok;
>         int priority;
>         int i;
>         unsigned long total_scanned;
> @@ -2201,6 +2214,7 @@ loop_again:
>                         disable_swap_token();
> 
>                 all_zones_ok = 1;
> +               any_zone_ok = 0;
> 
>                 /*
>                  * Scan in the highmem->dma direction for the highest
> @@ -2310,10 +2324,12 @@ loop_again:
>                                  * spectulatively avoid congestion waits
>                                  */
>                                 zone_clear_flag(zone, ZONE_CONGESTED);
> +                               if (i <= pgdat->high_zoneidx)
> +                                       any_zone_ok = 1;
>                         }
> 
>                 }
> -               if (all_zones_ok)
> +               if (all_zones_ok || (order && any_zone_ok))
>                         break;          /* kswapd: all done */
>                 /*
>                  * OK, kswapd is getting into trouble.  Take a nap, then take
> @@ -2336,7 +2352,7 @@ loop_again:
>                         break;
>         }
>  out:
> -       if (!all_zones_ok) {
> +       if (!(all_zones_ok || (order && any_zone_ok))) {
>                 cond_resched();
> 
>                 try_to_freeze();
> @@ -2361,7 +2377,13 @@ out:
>                 goto loop_again;
>         }
> 
> -       return sc.nr_reclaimed;
> +       /*
> +        * Return the order we were reclaiming at so sleeping_prematurely()
> +        * makes a decision on the order we were last reclaiming at. However,
> +        * if another caller entered the allocator slow path while kswapd
> +        * was awake, order will remain at the higher level
> +        */
> +       return order;
>  }
This seems always fail. because you have the protect in the kswapd side,
but no in the page allocation side. so every time a high order
allocation occurs, the protect breaks and kswapd keeps running.

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