Crossrelease
============
Started by Byungchul Park <byungchul.park@xxxxxxx>
Contents:
(*) Background.
- What causes deadlock.
- What lockdep detects.
- How lockdep works.
(*) Limitation.
- Limit to typical locks.
- Pros from the limitation.
- Cons from the limitation.
(*) Generalization.
- Relax the limitation.
(*) Crossrelease.
- Introduce crossrelease.
- Pick true dependencies.
- Introduce commit.
(*) Implementation.
- Data structures.
- How crossrelease works.
(*) Optimizations.
- Avoid duplication.
- Lockless for hot paths.
==========
Background
==========
What causes deadlock
--------------------
A deadlock occurs when a context is waiting for an event to happen,
which is impossible because another (or the) context who can trigger the
event is also waiting for another (or the) event to happen, which is
also impossible due to the same reason. Single or more contexts
paricipate in such a deadlock.
For example,
A context going to trigger event D is waiting for event A to happen.
A context going to trigger event A is waiting for event B to happen.
A context going to trigger event B is waiting for event C to happen.
A context going to trigger event C is waiting for event D to happen.
A deadlock occurs when these four wait operations run at the same time,
because event D cannot be triggered if event A does not happen, which in
turn cannot be triggered if event B does not happen, which in turn
cannot be triggered if event C does not happen, which in turn cannot be
triggered if event D does not happen. After all, no event can be
triggered since any of them never meets its precondition to wake up.
In terms of dependency, a wait for an event creates a dependency if the
context is going to wake up another waiter by triggering an proper event.
In other words, a dependency exists if,
COND 1. There are two waiters waiting for each event at the same time.
COND 2. Only way to wake up each waiter is to trigger its events.
COND 3. Whether one can be woken up depends on whether the other can.
Each wait in the example creates its dependency like,
Event D depends on event A.
Event A depends on event B.
Event B depends on event C.
Event C depends on event D.
NOTE: Precisely speaking, a dependency is one between whether a
waiter for an event can be woken up and whether another waiter for
another event can be woken up. However from now on, we will describe
a dependency as if it's one between an event and another event for
simplicity, so e.g. 'event D depends on event A'.
And they form circular dependencies like,
-> D -> A -> B -> C -
/ \
\ /
---------------------
where A, B,..., D are different events, and '->' represents 'depends
on'.
Such circular dependencies lead to a deadlock since no waiter can meet
its precondition to wake up if they run simultaneously, as described.
CONCLUSION
Circular dependencies cause a deadlock.
What lockdep detects
--------------------
Lockdep tries to detect a deadlock by checking dependencies created by
lock operations e.i. acquire and release. Waiting for a lock to be
released corresponds to waiting for an event to happen, and releasing a
lock corresponds to triggering an event. See 'What causes deadlock'
section.
A deadlock actually occurs when all wait operations creating circular
dependencies run at the same time. Even though they don't, a potential
deadlock exists if the problematic dependencies exist. Thus it's
meaningful to detect not only an actual deadlock but also its potential
possibility. Lockdep does the both.
Whether or not a deadlock actually occurs depends on several factors.
For example, what order contexts are switched in is a factor. Assuming
circular dependencies exist, a deadlock would occur when contexts are
switched so that all wait operations creating the problematic
dependencies run simultaneously.
To detect a potential possibility which means a deadlock has not
happened yet but might happen in future, lockdep considers all possible
combinations of dependencies so that its potential possibility can be
detected in advance. To do this, lockdep is trying to,
1. Use a global dependency graph.
Lockdep combines all dependencies into one global graph and uses them,
regardless of which context generates them or what order contexts are
switched in. Aggregated dependencies are only considered so they are
prone to be circular if a problem exists.
2. Check dependencies between classes instead of instances.
What actually causes a deadlock are instances of lock. However,
lockdep checks dependencies between classes instead of instances.
This way lockdep can detect a deadlock which has not happened but
might happen in future by others but the same classes.
3. Assume all acquisitions lead to waiting.
Although locks might be acquired without waiting which is essential
to create dependencies, lockdep assumes all acquisitions lead to
waiting and generates dependencies, since it might be true some time
or another. Potential possibilities can be checked in this way.
Lockdep detects both an actual deadlock and its possibility. But the
latter is more valuable than the former. When a deadlock occurs actually,
we can identify what happens in the system by some means or other even
without lockdep. However, there's no way to detect possiblity without
lockdep unless the whole code is parsed in head. It's terrible.
CONCLUSION
Lockdep detects and reports,
1. A deadlock possibility.
2. A deadlock which actually occured.
How lockdep works
-----------------
Lockdep does,
1. Detect a new dependency created.
2. Keep the dependency in a global data structure, graph.
3. Check if circular dependencies exist.
4. Report a deadlock or its possibility if so.
A graph built by lockdep looks like, e.g.
A -> B - -> F -> G
\ /
-> E - -> L
/ \ /
C -> D - -> H -
\
-> I -> K
/
J -
where A, B,..., L are different lock classes.
Lockdep will add a dependency into graph when a new dependency is
detected. For example, it will add a dependency 'K -> J' when a new
dependency between lock K and lock J is detected. Then the graph will be,
A -> B - -> F -> G
\ /
-> E - -> L
/ \ /
C -> D - -> H -
\
-> I -> K -
/ \
-> J - \
/ /
\ /
------------------
where A, B,..., L are different lock classes.
Now, circular dependencies are detected like,
-> I -> K -
/ \
-> J - \
/ /
\ /
------------------
where J, I and K are different lock classes.
As decribed in 'What causes deadlock', this is the condition under which
a deadlock might occur. Lockdep detects a deadlock or its possibility by
checking if circular dependencies were created after adding each new
dependency into the global graph. This is the way how lockdep works.
CONCLUSION
Lockdep detects a deadlock or its possibility by checking if circular
dependencies were created after adding each new dependency.
==========
Limitation
==========
Limit to typical locks
----------------------
Limiting lockdep to checking dependencies only on typical locks e.g.
spin locks and mutexes, which should be released within the acquire
context, the implementation of detecting and adding dependencies becomes
simple but its capacity for detection becomes limited. Let's check what
its pros and cons are, in next section.
CONCLUSION
Limiting lockdep to working on typical locks e.g. spin locks and mutexes,
the implmentation becomes simple but limits its capacity.
Pros from the limitation
------------------------
Given the limitation, when acquiring a lock, locks in the held_locks of
the context cannot be released if the context fails to acquire it and
has to wait for it. It also makes waiters for the locks in the
held_locks stuck. It's the exact case to create a dependency 'A -> B',
where lock A is each lock in held_locks and lock B is the lock to
acquire. See 'What casues deadlock' section.
For example,
CONTEXT X
---------
acquire A
acquire B /* Add a dependency 'A -> B' */
acquire C /* Add a dependency 'B -> C' */
release C
release B
release A
where A, B and C are different lock classes.
When acquiring lock A, the held_locks of CONTEXT X is empty thus no
dependency is added. When acquiring lock B, lockdep detects and adds
a new dependency 'A -> B' between lock A in held_locks and lock B. When
acquiring lock C, lockdep also adds another dependency 'B -> C' for the
same reason. They can be simply added whenever acquiring each lock.
And most data required by lockdep exists in a local structure e.i.
'task_struct -> held_locks'. Forcing to access those data within the
context, lockdep can avoid racy problems without explicit locks while
handling the local data.
Lastly, lockdep only needs to keep locks currently being held, to build
the dependency graph. However relaxing the limitation, it might need to
keep even locks already released, because the decision of whether they
created dependencies might be long-deferred. See 'Crossrelease' section.
To sum up, we can expect several advantages from the limitation.
1. Lockdep can easily identify a dependency when acquiring a lock.
2. Requiring only local locks makes many races avoidable.
3. Lockdep only needs to keep locks currently being held.
CONCLUSION
Given the limitation, the implementation becomes simple and efficient.
Cons from the limitation
------------------------
Given the limitation, lockdep is applicable only to typical locks. For
example, page locks for page access or completions for synchronization
cannot play with lockdep under the limitation.
Can we detect deadlocks below, under the limitation?
Example 1:
CONTEXT X CONTEXT Y
--------- ---------
mutext_lock A
lock_page B
lock_page B
mutext_lock A /* DEADLOCK */
unlock_page B
mutext_unlock A
mutex_unlock A
unlock_page B
where A is a lock class and B is a page lock.
No, we cannot.
Example 2:
CONTEXT X CONTEXT Y CONTEXT Z
--------- --------- ----------
mutex_lock A
lock_page B
lock_page B
mutext_lock A /* DEADLOCK */
mutext_unlock A
unlock_page B held by X
unlock_page B
mutex_unlock A
where A is a lock class and B is a page lock.
No, we cannot.
Example 3:
CONTEXT X CONTEXT Y
--------- ---------
mutex_lock A
mutex_lock A
mutex_unlock A
wait_for_complete B /* DEADLOCK */
complete B
mutex_unlock A
where A is a lock class and B is a completion variable.
No, we cannot.
CONCLUSION
Given the limitation, lockdep cannot detect a deadlock or its
possibility caused by page locks or completions.
==============
Generalization
==============
Relax the limitation
--------------------
Under the limitation, things to create dependencies are limited to
typical locks. However, e.g. page locks and completions which are not
typical locks also create dependencies and cause a deadlock. Therefore
it would be better for lockdep to detect a deadlock or its possibility
even for them.
Detecting and adding dependencies into graph is very important for
lockdep to work because adding a dependency means adding a chance to
check if it causes a deadlock. The more lockdep adds dependencies, the
more it thoroughly works. Therefore Lockdep has to do its best to add as
many true dependencies as possible into the graph.
Relaxing the limitation, lockdep can add more dependencies since
additional things e.g. page locks or completions create additional
dependencies. However even so, it needs to be noted that the relaxation
does not affect the behavior of adding dependencies for typical locks.
For example, considering only typical locks, lockdep builds a graph like,
A -> B - -> F -> G
\ /
-> E - -> L
/ \ /
C -> D - -> H -
\
-> I -> K
/
J -
where A, B,..., L are different lock classes.
On the other hand, under the relaxation, additional dependencies might
be created and added. Assuming additional 'MX -> H', 'L -> NX' and
'OX -> J' dependencies are added thanks to the relaxation, the graph
will be, giving additional chances to check circular dependencies,
A -> B - -> F -> G
\ /
-> E - -> L -> NX
/ \ /
C -> D - -> H -
/ \
MX - -> I -> K
/
-> J -
/
OX -
where A, B,..., L, MX, NX and OX are different lock classes, and
a suffix 'X' is added on non-typical locks e.g. page locks and
completions.
However, it might suffer performance degradation since relaxing the
limitation with which design and implementation of lockdep could be
efficient might introduce inefficiency inevitably. Each option, strong
detection or efficient detection, has its pros and cons, thus the right
of choice between two options should be given to users.
Choosing efficient detection, lockdep only deals with locks satisfying,
A lock should be released within the context holding the lock.
Choosing strong detection, lockdep deals with any locks satisfying,
A lock can be released in any context.
The latter, of course, doesn't allow illegal contexts to release a lock.
For example, acquiring a lock in irq-safe context before releasing the
lock in irq-unsafe context is not allowed, which after all ends in
circular dependencies, meaning a deadlock. Otherwise, any contexts are
allowed to release it.
CONCLUSION
Relaxing the limitation, lockdep can add additional dependencies and
get additional chances to check if they cause deadlocks.
============
Crossrelease
============
Introduce crossrelease
----------------------
To allow lockdep to handle additional dependencies by what might be
released in any context, namely 'crosslock', a new feature 'crossrelease'
is introduced. Thanks to the feature, now lockdep can identify such
dependencies. Crossrelease feature has to do,
1. Identify dependencies by crosslocks.
2. Add the dependencies into graph.
That's all. Once a meaningful dependency is added into graph, then
lockdep would work with the graph as it did. So the most important thing
crossrelease feature has to do is to correctly identify and add true
dependencies into the global graph.
A dependency e.g. 'A -> B' can be identified only in the A's release
context because a decision required to identify the dependency can be
made only in the release context. That is to decide whether A can be
released so that a waiter for A can be woken up. It cannot be made in
other contexts than the A's release context. See 'What causes deadlock'
section to remind what a dependency is.
It's no matter for typical locks because each acquire context is same as
its release context, thus lockdep can decide whether a lock can be
released, in the acquire context. However for crosslocks, lockdep cannot
make the decision in the acquire context but has to wait until the
release context is identified.
Therefore lockdep has to queue all acquisitions which might create
dependencies until the decision can be made, so that they can be used
when it proves they are the right ones. We call the step 'commit'. See
'Introduce commit' section.
Of course, some actual deadlocks caused by crosslocks cannot be detected
just when it happens, because the deadlocks cannot be identified until
the crosslocks is actually released. However, deadlock possibilities can
be detected in this way. It's worth possibility detection of deadlock.
See 'What lockdep does' section.
CONCLUSION
With crossrelease feature, lockdep can work with what might be released
in any context, namely crosslock.
Pick true dependencies
----------------------
Remind what a dependency is. A dependency exists if,
COND 1. There are two waiters waiting for each event at the same time.
COND 2. Only way to wake up each waiter is to trigger its events.
COND 3. Whether one can be woken up depends on whether the other can.
For example,
TASK X
------
acquire A
acquire B /* A dependency 'A -> B' exists */
acquire C /* A dependency 'B -> C' exists */
release C
release B
release A
where A, B and C are different lock classes.
A depedency 'A -> B' exists since,
1. A waiter for A and a waiter for B might exist when acquiring B.
2. Only way to wake up each of them is to release what it waits for.
3. Whether the waiter for A can be woken up depends on whether the
other can. IOW, TASK X cannot release A if it cannot acquire B.
Other dependencies 'B -> C' and 'A -> C' also exist for the same reason.
But the second is ignored since it's covered by 'A -> B' and 'B -> C'.
For another example,
TASK X TASK Y
------ ------
acquire AX
acquire D
/* A dependency 'AX -> D' exists */
acquire B
release D
acquire C
/* A dependency 'B -> C' exists */
acquire E
/* A dependency 'AX -> E' exists */
acquire D
/* A dependency 'C -> D' exists */
release E
release D
release AX held by Y
release C
release B
where AX, B, C,..., E are different lock classes, and a suffix 'X' is
added on crosslocks.
Even in this case involving crosslocks, the same rules can be applied. A
depedency 'AX -> D' exists since,
1. A waiter for AX and a waiter for D might exist when acquiring D.
2. Only way to wake up each of them is to release what it waits for.
3. Whether the waiter for AX can be woken up depends on whether the
other can. IOW, TASK X cannot release AX if it cannot acquire D.
The same rules can be applied to other dependencies, too.
Let's take a look at more complicated example.
TASK X TASK Y
------ ------
acquire B
release B
acquire C
release C
(1)
fork Y
acquire AX
acquire D
/* A dependency 'AX -> D' exists */
acquire F
release D
acquire G
/* A dependency 'F -> G' exists */
acquire E
/* A dependency 'AX -> E' exists */
acquire H
/* A dependency 'G -> H' exists */
release E
release H
release AX held by Y
release G
release F
where AX, B, C,..., H are different lock classes, and a suffix 'X' is
added on crosslocks.
Does a dependency 'AX -> B' exist? Nope.
Two waiters, one is for AX and the other is for B, are essential
elements to create the dependency 'AX -> B'. However in this example,
these two waiters cannot exist at the same time. Thus the dependency
'AX -> B' cannot be created.
In fact, AX depends on all acquisitions after (1) in TASK X e.i. D and E,
but excluding all acquisitions before (1) in the context e.i. A and C.
Thus only 'AX -> D' and 'AX -> E' are true dependencies by AX.
It would be ideal if the full set of true ones can be added. But parsing
the whole code is necessary to do it, which is impossible. Relying on
what actually happens at runtime, we can anyway add only true ones even
though they might be a subset of the full set. This way we can avoid
adding false ones.
It's similar to how lockdep works for typical locks. Ideally there might
be more true dependencies than ones being in the gloabl dependency graph,
however, lockdep has no choice but to rely on what actually happens
since otherwise it's almost impossible.
CONCLUSION
Relying on what actually happens, adding false dependencies can be
avoided.
Introduce commit
----------------
Crossrelease feature names it 'commit' to identify and add dependencies
into graph in batches. Lockdep is already doing what commit is supposed
to do, when acquiring a lock for typical locks. However, that way must
be changed for crosslocks so that it identifies a crosslock's release
context first, then does commit.
There are four types of dependencies.
1. TT type: 'Typical lock A -> Typical lock B' dependency
Just when acquiring B, lockdep can see it's in the A's release
context. So the dependency between A and B can be identified
immediately. Commit is unnecessary.
2. TC type: 'Typical lock A -> Crosslock BX' dependency
Just when acquiring BX, lockdep can see it's in the A's release
context. So the dependency between A and BX can be identified
immediately. Commit is unnecessary, too.
3. CT type: 'Crosslock AX -> Typical lock B' dependency
When acquiring B, lockdep cannot identify the dependency because
there's no way to know whether it's in the AX's release context. It
has to wait until the decision can be made. Commit is necessary.
4. CC type: 'Crosslock AX -> Crosslock BX' dependency
If there is a typical lock acting as a bridge so that 'AX -> a lock'
and 'the lock -> BX' can be added, then this dependency can be
detected. But direct ways are not implemented yet. It's a future work.
Lockdep works even without commit for typical locks. However, commit
step is necessary once crosslocks are involved, until all crosslocks in
progress are released. Introducing commit, lockdep performs three steps
i.e. acquire, commit and release. What lockdep does in each step is,
1. Acquire
1) For typical lock
Lockdep does what it originally did and queues the lock so that
lockdep can check CT type dependencies using it at commit step.
2) For crosslock
The crosslock is added to a global linked list so that lockdep can
check CT type dependencies using it at commit step.
2. Commit
1) For typical lock
N/A.
2) For crosslock
Lockdep checks and adds CT Type dependencies using data saved at
acquire step.
3. Release
1) For typical lock
No change.
2) For crosslock
Lockdep just remove the crosslock from the global linked list, to
which it was added at acquire step.
CONCLUSION
Crossrelease feature introduces commit step to handle dependencies by
crosslocks in batches, which lockdep cannot handle in its original way.
==============
Implementation
==============
Data structures
---------------
Crossrelease feature introduces two main data structures.
1. pend_lock
This is an array embedded in task_struct, for keeping locks queued so
that real dependencies can be added using them at commit step. Since
it's local data, it can be accessed locklessly in the owner context.
The array is filled at acquire step and consumed at commit step. And
it's managed in circular manner.
2. cross_lock
This is a global linked list, for keeping all crosslocks in progress.
The list grows at acquire step and is shrunk at release step.
CONCLUSION
Crossrelease feature introduces two main data structures.
1. A pend_lock array for queueing typical locks in circular manner.
2. A cross_lock linked list for managing crosslocks in progress.
How crossrelease works
----------------------
Let's take a look at how crossrelease feature works step by step,
starting from how lockdep works without crossrelease feaure.
For example, the below is how lockdep works for typical locks.
A's RELEASE CONTEXT (= A's ACQUIRE CONTEXT)
-------------------------------------------
acquire A
acquire B /* Add 'A -> B' */
acquire C /* Add 'B -> C' */
release C
release B
release A
where A, B and C are different lock classes.
After adding 'A -> B', the dependency graph will be,
A -> B
where A and B are different lock classes.
And after adding 'B -> C', the graph will be,
A -> B -> C
where A, B and C are different lock classes.
What if we use commit step to add dependencies even for typical locks?
Commit step is not necessary for them, however it anyway would work well,
because this is a more general way.
A's RELEASE CONTEXT (= A's ACQUIRE CONTEXT)
-------------------------------------------
acquire A
/*
* 1. Mark A as started
* 2. Queue A
*
* In pend_lock: A
* In graph: Empty
*/
acquire B
/*
* 1. Mark B as started
* 2. Queue B
*
* In pend_lock: A, B
* In graph: Empty
*/
acquire C
/*
* 1. Mark C as started
* 2. Queue C
*
* In pend_lock: A, B, C
* In graph: Empty
*/
release C
/*
* 1. Commit C (= Add 'C -> ?')
* a. What queued since C was marked: Nothing
* b. Add nothing
*
* In pend_lock: A, B, C
* In graph: Empty
*/
release B
/*
* 1. Commit B (= Add 'B -> ?')
* a. What queued since B was marked: C
* b. Add 'B -> C'
*
* In pend_lock: A, B, C
* In graph: 'B -> C'
*/
release A
/*
* 1. Commit A (= Add 'A -> ?')
* a. What queued since A was marked: B, C
* b. Add 'A -> B'
* c. Add 'A -> C'
*
* In pend_lock: A, B, C
* In graph: 'B -> C', 'A -> B', 'A -> C'
*/
where A, B and C are different lock classes.
After doing commit A, B and C, the dependency graph becomes like,
A -> B -> C
where A, B and C are different lock classes.
NOTE: A dependency 'A -> C' is optimized out.
We can see the former graph built without commit step is same as the
latter graph built using commit steps. Of course the former way leads to
earlier finish for building the graph, which means we can detect a
deadlock or its possibility sooner. So the former way would be prefered
if possible. But we cannot avoid using the latter way for crosslocks.
Let's look at how commit works for crosslocks.
AX's RELEASE CONTEXT AX's ACQUIRE CONTEXT
-------------------- --------------------
acquire AX
/*
* 1. Mark AX as started
*
* (No queuing for crosslocks)
*
* In pend_lock: Empty
* In graph: Empty
*/
(serialized by some means e.g. barrier)
acquire D
/*
* (No marking for typical locks)
*
* 1. Queue D
*
* In pend_lock: D
* In graph: Empty
*/
acquire B
/*
* (No marking for typical locks)
*
* 1. Queue B
*
* In pend_lock: B
* In graph: Empty
*/
release D
/*
* (No commit for typical locks)
*
* In pend_lock: D
* In graph: Empty
*/
acquire C
/*
* (No marking for typical locks)
*
* 1. Add 'B -> C' of TT type
* 2. Queue C
*
* In pend_lock: B, C
* In graph: 'B -> C'
*/
acquire E
/*
* (No marking for typical locks)
*
* 1. Queue E
*
* In pend_lock: D, E
* In graph: 'B -> C'
*/
acquire D
/*
* (No marking for typical locks)
*
* 1. Add 'C -> D' of TT type
* 2. Queue D
*
* In pend_lock: B, C, D
* In graph: 'B -> C', 'C -> D'
*/
release E
/*
* (No commit for typical locks)
*
* In pend_lock: D, E
* In graph: 'B -> C', 'C -> D'
*/
release D
/*
* (No commit for typical locks)
*
* In pend_lock: B, C, D
* In graph: 'B -> C', 'C -> D'
*/
release AX
/*
* 1. Commit AX (= Add 'AX -> ?')
* a. What queued since AX was marked: D, E
* b. Add 'AX -> D' of CT type
* c. Add 'AX -> E' of CT type
*
* In pend_lock: D, E
* In graph: 'B -> C', 'C -> D',
* 'AX -> D', 'AX -> E'
*/
release C
/*
* (No commit for typical locks)
*
* In pend_lock: B, C, D
* In graph: 'B -> C', 'C -> D',
* 'AX -> D', 'AX -> E'
*/
release B
/*
* (No commit for typical locks)
*
* In pend_lock: B, C, D
* In graph: 'B -> C', 'C -> D',
* 'AX -> D', 'AX -> E'
*/
where AX, B, C,..., E are different lock classes, and a suffix 'X' is
added on crosslocks.
When acquiring crosslock AX, crossrelease feature marks AX as started,
which means all acquisitions from now are candidates which might create
dependencies with AX. True dependencies will be determined when
identifying the AX's release context.
When acquiring typical lock B, lockdep queues B so that it can be used
at commit step later since any crosslocks in progress might depends on B.
The same thing is done on lock C, D and E. And then two dependencies
'AX -> D' and 'AX -> E' are added at commit step, when identifying the
AX's release context.
The final graph is, with crossrelease feature using commit,
B -> C -
\
-> D
/
AX -
\
-> E
where AX, B, C,..., E are different lock classes, and a suffix 'X' is
added on crosslocks.
However, without crossrelease feature, the final graph would be,
B -> C -> D
where B and C are different lock classes.
The former graph has two more dependencies 'AX -> D' and 'AX -> E'
giving additional chances to check if they cause deadlocks. This way
lockdep can detect a deadlock or its possibility caused by crosslocks.
Again, crossrelease feature does not affect the behavior of adding
dependencies for typical locks.
CONCLUSION
Crossrelease works well for crosslock, thanks to commit step.
=============
Optimizations
=============
Avoid duplication
-----------------
Crossrelease feature uses a cache like what lockdep is already using for
dependency chains, but this time it's for caching a dependency of CT
type, crossing between two different context. Once that dependency is
cached, same dependencies will never be added again. Queueing
unnecessary locks is also prevented based on the cache.
CONCLUSION
Crossrelease does not add any duplicate dependencies.
Lockless for hot paths
----------------------
To keep all typical locks for later use, crossrelease feature adopts a
local array embedded in task_struct, which makes accesses to arrays
lockless by forcing the accesses to happen only within the owner context.
It's like how lockdep accesses held_locks. Lockless implmentation is
important since typical locks are very frequently acquired and released.
CONCLUSION
Crossrelease is designed to use no lock for hot paths.
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