Commit [aa45484: calculate a better estimate of NR_FREE_PAGES when
memory is low] noted that watermarks were based on the vmstat
NR_FREE_PAGES. To avoid synchronization overhead, these counters are
maintained on a per-cpu basis and drained both periodically and when a
threshold is above a threshold. On large CPU systems, the difference
between the estimate and real value of NR_FREE_PAGES can be very high.
The system can get into a case where pages are allocated far below the
min watermark potentially causing livelock issues. The commit solved the
problem by taking a better reading of NR_FREE_PAGES when memory was low.
Unfortately, as reported by Shaohua Li this accurate reading can consume
a large amount of CPU time on systems with many sockets due to cache
line bouncing. This patch takes a different approach. For large machines
where counter drift might be unsafe and while kswapd is awake, the per-cpu
thresholds for the target pgdat are reduced to limit the level of drift
to what should be a safe level. This incurs a performance penalty in heavy
memory pressure by a factor that depends on the workload and the machine but
the machine should function correctly without accidentally exhausting all
memory on a node. There is an additional cost when kswapd wakes and sleeps
but the event is not expected to be frequent - in Shaohua's test case,
there was one recorded sleep and wake event at least.
To ensure that kswapd wakes up, a safe version of zone_watermark_ok()
is introduced that takes a more accurate reading of NR_FREE_PAGES when
called from wakeup_kswapd, when deciding whether it is really safe to go
back to sleep in sleeping_prematurely() and when deciding if a zone is
really balanced or not in balance_pgdat(). We are still using an expensive
function but limiting how often it is called.
When the test case is reproduced, the time spent in the watermark functions
is reduced. The following report is on the percentage of time spent
cumulatively spent in the functions zone_nr_free_pages(), zone_watermark_ok(),
__zone_watermark_ok(), zone_watermark_ok_safe(), zone_page_state_snapshot(),
zone_page_state().
vanilla 11.6615%
disable-threshold 0.2584%
Reported-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@xxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@xxxxxxxxx>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@xxxxxxxxx>
---
include/linux/mmzone.h | 10 ++-----
include/linux/vmstat.h | 5 +++
mm/mmzone.c | 21 ---------------
mm/page_alloc.c | 35 +++++++++++++++++++-----
mm/vmscan.c | 23 +++++++++-------
mm/vmstat.c | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
6 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/linux/mmzone.h b/include/linux/mmzone.h
index 3984c4e..8d789d7 100644
--- a/include/linux/mmzone.h
+++ b/include/linux/mmzone.h
@@ -448,12 +448,6 @@ static inline int zone_is_oom_locked(const struct zone *zone)
return test_bit(ZONE_OOM_LOCKED, &zone->flags);
}
-#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
-unsigned long zone_nr_free_pages(struct zone *zone);
-#else
-#define zone_nr_free_pages(zone) zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES)
-#endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
-
/*
* The "priority" of VM scanning is how much of the queues we will scan in one
* go. A value of 12 for DEF_PRIORITY implies that we will scan 1/4096th of the
@@ -651,7 +645,9 @@ typedef struct pglist_data {
extern struct mutex zonelists_mutex;
void build_all_zonelists(void *data);
void wakeup_kswapd(struct zone *zone, int order);
-int zone_watermark_ok(struct zone *z, int order, unsigned long mark,
+bool zone_watermark_ok(struct zone *z, int order, unsigned long mark,
+ int classzone_idx, int alloc_flags);
+bool zone_watermark_ok_safe(struct zone *z, int order, unsigned long mark,
int classzone_idx, int alloc_flags);
enum memmap_context {
MEMMAP_EARLY,
diff --git a/include/linux/vmstat.h b/include/linux/vmstat.h
index eaaea37..e4cc21c 100644
--- a/include/linux/vmstat.h
+++ b/include/linux/vmstat.h
@@ -254,6 +254,8 @@ extern void dec_zone_state(struct zone *, enum zone_stat_item);
extern void __dec_zone_state(struct zone *, enum zone_stat_item);
void refresh_cpu_vm_stats(int);
+void reduce_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pg_data_t *pgdat);
+void restore_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pg_data_t *pgdat);
#else /* CONFIG_SMP */
/*
@@ -298,6 +300,9 @@ static inline void __dec_zone_page_state(struct page *page,
#define dec_zone_page_state __dec_zone_page_state
#define mod_zone_page_state __mod_zone_page_state
+static inline void reduce_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pg_data_t *pgdat) { }
+static inline void restore_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pg_data_t *pgdat) { }
+
static inline void refresh_cpu_vm_stats(int cpu) { }
#endif
diff --git a/mm/mmzone.c b/mm/mmzone.c
index e35bfb8..f5b7d17 100644
--- a/mm/mmzone.c
+++ b/mm/mmzone.c
@@ -87,24 +87,3 @@ int memmap_valid_within(unsigned long pfn,
return 1;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_HOLES_MEMORYMODEL */
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
-/* Called when a more accurate view of NR_FREE_PAGES is needed */
-unsigned long zone_nr_free_pages(struct zone *zone)
-{
- unsigned long nr_free_pages = zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES);
-
- /*
- * While kswapd is awake, it is considered the zone is under some
- * memory pressure. Under pressure, there is a risk that
- * per-cpu-counter-drift will allow the min watermark to be breached
- * potentially causing a live-lock. While kswapd is awake and
- * free pages are low, get a better estimate for free pages
- */
- if (nr_free_pages < zone->percpu_drift_mark &&
- !waitqueue_active(&zone->zone_pgdat->kswapd_wait))
- return zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES);
-
- return nr_free_pages;
-}
-#endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
index f12ad18..0286150 100644
--- a/mm/page_alloc.c
+++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
@@ -1454,24 +1454,24 @@ static inline int should_fail_alloc_page(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order)
#endif /* CONFIG_FAIL_PAGE_ALLOC */
/*
- * Return 1 if free pages are above 'mark'. This takes into account the order
+ * Return true if free pages are above 'mark'. This takes into account the order
* of the allocation.
*/
-int zone_watermark_ok(struct zone *z, int order, unsigned long mark,
- int classzone_idx, int alloc_flags)
+static bool __zone_watermark_ok(struct zone *z, int order, unsigned long mark,
+ int classzone_idx, int alloc_flags, long free_pages)
{
/* free_pages my go negative - that's OK */
long min = mark;
- long free_pages = zone_nr_free_pages(z) - (1 << order) + 1;
int o;
+ free_pages -= (1 << order) + 1;
if (alloc_flags & ALLOC_HIGH)
min -= min / 2;
if (alloc_flags & ALLOC_HARDER)
min -= min / 4;
if (free_pages <= min + z->lowmem_reserve[classzone_idx])
- return 0;
+ return false;
for (o = 0; o < order; o++) {
/* At the next order, this order's pages become unavailable */
free_pages -= z->free_area[o].nr_free << o;
@@ -1480,9 +1480,28 @@ int zone_watermark_ok(struct zone *z, int order, unsigned long mark,
min >>= 1;
if (free_pages <= min)
- return 0;
+ return false;
}
- return 1;
+ return true;
+}
+
+bool zone_watermark_ok(struct zone *z, int order, unsigned long mark,
+ int classzone_idx, int alloc_flags)
+{
+ return __zone_watermark_ok(z, order, mark, classzone_idx, alloc_flags,
+ zone_page_state(z, NR_FREE_PAGES));
+}
+
+bool zone_watermark_ok_safe(struct zone *z, int order, unsigned long mark,
+ int classzone_idx, int alloc_flags)
+{
+ long free_pages = zone_page_state(z, NR_FREE_PAGES);
+
+ if (z->percpu_drift_mark && free_pages < z->percpu_drift_mark)
+ free_pages = zone_page_state_snapshot(z, NR_FREE_PAGES);
+
+ return __zone_watermark_ok(z, order, mark, classzone_idx, alloc_flags,
+ free_pages);
}
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
@@ -2436,7 +2455,7 @@ void show_free_areas(void)
" all_unreclaimable? %s"
"\n",
zone->name,
- K(zone_nr_free_pages(zone)),
+ K(zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES)),
K(min_wmark_pages(zone)),
K(low_wmark_pages(zone)),
K(high_wmark_pages(zone)),
diff --git a/mm/vmscan.c b/mm/vmscan.c
index c5dfabf..3e71cb1 100644
--- a/mm/vmscan.c
+++ b/mm/vmscan.c
@@ -2082,7 +2082,7 @@ static int sleeping_prematurely(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, long remaining)
if (zone->all_unreclaimable)
continue;
- if (!zone_watermark_ok(zone, order, high_wmark_pages(zone),
+ if (!zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order, high_wmark_pages(zone),
0, 0))
return 1;
}
@@ -2169,7 +2169,7 @@ loop_again:
shrink_active_list(SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, zone,
&sc, priority, 0);
- if (!zone_watermark_ok(zone, order,
+ if (!zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order,
high_wmark_pages(zone), 0, 0)) {
end_zone = i;
break;
@@ -2215,7 +2215,7 @@ loop_again:
* We put equal pressure on every zone, unless one
* zone has way too many pages free already.
*/
- if (!zone_watermark_ok(zone, order,
+ if (!zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order,
8*high_wmark_pages(zone), end_zone, 0))
shrink_zone(priority, zone, &sc);
reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab = 0;
@@ -2236,7 +2236,7 @@ loop_again:
total_scanned > sc.nr_reclaimed + sc.nr_reclaimed / 2)
sc.may_writepage = 1;
- if (!zone_watermark_ok(zone, order,
+ if (!zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order,
high_wmark_pages(zone), end_zone, 0)) {
all_zones_ok = 0;
/*
@@ -2244,7 +2244,7 @@ loop_again:
* means that we have a GFP_ATOMIC allocation
* failure risk. Hurry up!
*/
- if (!zone_watermark_ok(zone, order,
+ if (!zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order,
min_wmark_pages(zone), end_zone, 0))
has_under_min_watermark_zone = 1;
}
@@ -2378,7 +2378,9 @@ static int kswapd(void *p)
*/
if (!sleeping_prematurely(pgdat, order, remaining)) {
trace_mm_vmscan_kswapd_sleep(pgdat->node_id);
+ restore_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pgdat);
schedule();
+ reduce_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pgdat);
} else {
if (remaining)
count_vm_event(KSWAPD_LOW_WMARK_HIT_QUICKLY);
@@ -2417,16 +2419,17 @@ void wakeup_kswapd(struct zone *zone, int order)
if (!populated_zone(zone))
return;
- pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
- if (zone_watermark_ok(zone, order, low_wmark_pages(zone), 0, 0))
+ if (!cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall(zone, GFP_KERNEL))
return;
+ pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
if (pgdat->kswapd_max_order < order)
pgdat->kswapd_max_order = order;
- trace_mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd(pgdat->node_id, zone_idx(zone), order);
- if (!cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall(zone, GFP_KERNEL))
- return;
if (!waitqueue_active(&pgdat->kswapd_wait))
return;
+ if (zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order, low_wmark_pages(zone), 0, 0))
+ return;
+
+ trace_mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd(pgdat->node_id, zone_idx(zone), order);
wake_up_interruptible(&pgdat->kswapd_wait);
}
diff --git a/mm/vmstat.c b/mm/vmstat.c
index 355a9e6..4d7faeb 100644
--- a/mm/vmstat.c
+++ b/mm/vmstat.c
@@ -81,6 +81,30 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_stat);
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
+static int calculate_pressure_threshold(struct zone *zone)
+{
+ int threshold;
+ int watermark_distance;
+
+ /*
+ * As vmstats are not up to date, there is drift between the estimated
+ * and real values. For high thresholds and a high number of CPUs, it
+ * is possible for the min watermark to be breached while the estimated
+ * value looks fine. The pressure threshold is a reduced value such
+ * that even the maximum amount of drift will not accidentally breach
+ * the min watermark
+ */
+ watermark_distance = low_wmark_pages(zone) - min_wmark_pages(zone);
+ threshold = max(1, (int)(watermark_distance / num_online_cpus()));
+
+ /*
+ * Maximum threshold is 125
+ */
+ threshold = min(125, threshold);
+
+ return threshold;
+}
+
static int calculate_threshold(struct zone *zone)
{
int threshold;
@@ -159,6 +183,48 @@ static void refresh_zone_stat_thresholds(void)
}
}
+void reduce_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pg_data_t *pgdat)
+{
+ struct zone *zone;
+ int cpu;
+ int threshold;
+ int i;
+
+ get_online_cpus();
+ for (i = 0; i < pgdat->nr_zones; i++) {
+ zone = &pgdat->node_zones[i];
+ if (!zone->percpu_drift_mark)
+ continue;
+
+ threshold = calculate_pressure_threshold(zone);
+ for_each_online_cpu(cpu)
+ per_cpu_ptr(zone->pageset, cpu)->stat_threshold
+ = threshold;
+ }
+ put_online_cpus();
+}
+
+void restore_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pg_data_t *pgdat)
+{
+ struct zone *zone;
+ int cpu;
+ int threshold;
+ int i;
+
+ get_online_cpus();
+ for (i = 0; i < pgdat->nr_zones; i++) {
+ zone = &pgdat->node_zones[i];
+ if (!zone->percpu_drift_mark)
+ continue;
+
+ threshold = calculate_threshold(zone);
+ for_each_online_cpu(cpu)
+ per_cpu_ptr(zone->pageset, cpu)->stat_threshold
+ = threshold;
+ }
+ put_online_cpus();
+}
+
/*
* For use when we know that interrupts are disabled.
*/
@@ -826,7 +892,7 @@ static void zoneinfo_show_print(struct seq_file *m, pg_data_t *pgdat,
"\n scanned %lu"
"\n spanned %lu"
"\n present %lu",
- zone_nr_free_pages(zone),
+ zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES),
min_wmark_pages(zone),
low_wmark_pages(zone),
high_wmark_pages(zone),
--
1.7.1
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