This series is based on the patches in mmotm-2010-04-15-14-42.patch but
rebased against 2.6.34-rc4 and collapsed. The cumulative fixes were getting
tricky to follow and this series should give a clearer view of what is
going on. It should be possible to drop all the compaction-related patches
in mmotm and drop this series directly in its place.
Changelog since mmotm
o Have defer_compaction use an exponential backoff instead of time
o Rename COMPACT_INCOMPLETE and document the return values
Changelog since V7 (these are the changes made while in mmotm)
o Have compaction depend on CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE instead of CONFIG_HUGETLBFS
o Move extfrag_index and unusable_index to debugfs
o Many minor cleanups in the core patch
o Drop unsafe optimisation on PageBuddy as zone->lock is not held
o Call kernel_map_pages after split_free_page
o Update documentation on compact_memory proc entry
o Initialise cc->zone properly when compacting all of memory
o Do not display vmstats related to compaction when disabled
Changelog since V6
o Avoid accessing anon_vma when migrating unmapped PageSwapCache pages
Changelog since V5
o Rebase to mmotm-2010-03-24-14-48
o Add more reviewed-by's
o Correct one spelling in vmstat.c and some leader clarifications
o Split the LRU isolation modes into a separate path
o Correct a NID change
o Call migrate_prep less frequently
o Remove unnecessary inlining
o Do not interfere with memory hot-remove
o Do not compact for orders <= PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER
o page_mapped instead of page_mapcount and allow swapcache to migrate
o Avoid too many pages being isolated for migration
o Handle PageSwapCache pages during migration
Changelog since V4
o Remove unnecessary check for PageLRU and PageUnevictable
o Fix isolated accounting
o Close race window between page_mapcount and rcu_read_lock
o Added a lot more Reviewed-by tags
Changelog since V3
o Document sysfs entries (subseqently, merged independently)
o COMPACTION should depend on MMU
o Comment updates
o Ensure proc/sysfs triggering of compaction fully completes
o Rename anon_vma refcount to external_refcount
o Rebase to mmotm on top of 2.6.34-rc1
Changelog since V2
o Move unusable and fragmentation indices to separate proc files
o Express indices as being between 0 and 1
o Update copyright notice for compaction.c
o Avoid infinite loop when split free page fails
o Init compact_resume at least once (impacted x86 testing)
o Fewer pages are isolated during compaction.
o LRU lists are no longer rotated when page is busy
o NR_ISOLATED_* is updated to avoid isolating too many pages
o Update zone LRU stats correctly when isolating pages
o Reference count anon_vma instead of insufficient locking with
use-after-free races in memory compaction
o Watch for unmapped anon pages during migration
o Remove unnecessary parameters on a few functions
o Add Reviewed-by's. Note that I didn't add the Acks and Reviewed
for the proc patches as they have been split out into separate
files and I don't know if the Acks are still valid.
Changelog since V1
o Update help blurb on CONFIG_MIGRATION
o Max unusable free space index is 100, not 1000
o Move blockpfn forward properly during compaction
o Cleanup CONFIG_COMPACTION vs CONFIG_MIGRATION confusion
o Permissions on /proc and /sys files should be 0200
o Reduce verbosity
o Compact all nodes when triggered via /proc
o Add per-node compaction via sysfs
o Move defer_compaction out-of-line
o Fix lock oddities in rmap_walk_anon
o Add documentation
This patchset is a memory compaction mechanism that reduces external
fragmentation memory by moving GFP_MOVABLE pages to a fewer number of
pageblocks. The term "compaction" was chosen as there are is a number of
mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive that can be used to defragment
memory. For example, lumpy reclaim is a form of defragmentation as was slub
"defragmentation" (really a form of targeted reclaim). Hence, this is called
"compaction" to distinguish it from other forms of defragmentation.
In this implementation, a full compaction run involves two scanners operating
within a zone - a migration and a free scanner. The migration scanner
starts at the beginning of a zone and finds all movable pages within one
pageblock_nr_pages-sized area and isolates them on a migratepages list. The
free scanner begins at the end of the zone and searches on a per-area
basis for enough free pages to migrate all the pages on the migratepages
list. As each area is respectively migrated or exhausted of free pages,
the scanners are advanced one area. A compaction run completes within a
zone when the two scanners meet.
This method is a bit primitive but is easy to understand and greater
sophistication would require maintenance of counters on a per-pageblock
basis. This would have a big impact on allocator fast-paths to improve
compaction which is a poor trade-off.
It also does not try relocate virtually contiguous pages to be physically
contiguous. However, assuming transparent hugepages were in use, a
hypothetical khugepaged might reuse compaction code to isolate free pages,
split them and relocate userspace pages for promotion.
Memory compaction can be triggered in one of three ways. It may be triggered
explicitly by writing any value to /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory and compacting
all of memory. It can be triggered on a per-node basis by writing any
value to /sys/devices/system/node/nodeN/compact where N is the node ID to
be compacted. When a process fails to allocate a high-order page, it may
compact memory in an attempt to satisfy the allocation instead of entering
direct reclaim. Explicit compaction does not finish until the two scanners
meet and direct compaction ends if a suitable page becomes available that
would meet watermarks.
The series is in 14 patches. The first three are not "core" to the series
but are important pre-requisites.
Patch 1 reference counts anon_vma for rmap_walk_anon(). Without this
patch, it's possible to use anon_vma after free if the caller is
not holding a VMA or mmap_sem for the pages in question. While
there should be no existing user that causes this problem,
it's a requirement for memory compaction to be stable. The patch
is at the start of the series for bisection reasons.
Patch 2 merges the KSM and migrate counts. It could be merged with patch 1
but would be slightly harder to review.
Patch 3 skips over unmapped anon pages during migration as there are no
guarantees about the anon_vma existing. There is a window between
when a page was isolated and migration started during which anon_vma
could disappear.
Patch 4 notes that PageSwapCache pages can still be migrated even if they
are unmapped.
Patch 5 allows CONFIG_MIGRATION to be set without CONFIG_NUMA
Patch 6 exports a "unusable free space index" via debugfs. It's
a measure of external fragmentation that takes the size of the
allocation request into account. It can also be calculated from
userspace so can be dropped if requested
Patch 7 exports a "fragmentation index" which only has meaning when an
allocation request fails. It determines if an allocation failure
would be due to a lack of memory or external fragmentation.
Patch 8 moves the definition for LRU isolation modes for use by compaction
Patch 9 is the compaction mechanism although it's unreachable at this point
Patch 10 adds a means of compacting all of memory with a proc trgger
Patch 11 adds a means of compacting a specific node with a sysfs trigger
Patch 12 adds "direct compaction" before "direct reclaim" if it is
determined there is a good chance of success.
Patch 13 adds a sysctl that allows tuning of the threshold at which the
kernel will compact or direct reclaim
Patch 14 temporarily disables compaction if an allocation failure occurs
after compaction.
Testing of compaction was in three stages. For the test, debugging, preempt,
the sleep watchdog and lockdep were all enabled but nothing nasty popped
out. min_free_kbytes was tuned as recommended by hugeadm to help fragmentation
avoidance and high-order allocations. It was tested on X86, X86-64 and PPC64.
Ths first test represents one of the easiest cases that can be faced for
lumpy reclaim or memory compaction.
1. Machine freshly booted and configured for hugepage usage with
a) hugeadm --create-global-mounts
b) hugeadm --pool-pages-max DEFAULT:8G
c) hugeadm --set-recommended-min_free_kbytes
d) hugeadm --set-recommended-shmmax
The min_free_kbytes here is important. Anti-fragmentation works best
when pageblocks don't mix. hugeadm knows how to calculate a value that
will significantly reduce the worst of external-fragmentation-related
events as reported by the mm_page_alloc_extfrag tracepoint.
2. Load up memory
a) Start updatedb
b) Create in parallel a X files of pagesize*128 in size. Wait
until files are created. By parallel, I mean that 4096 instances
of dd were launched, one after the other using &. The crude
objective being to mix filesystem metadata allocations with
the buffer cache.
c) Delete every second file so that pageblocks are likely to
have holes
d) kill updatedb if it's still running
At this point, the system is quiet, memory is full but it's full with
clean filesystem metadata and clean buffer cache that is unmapped.
This is readily migrated or discarded so you'd expect lumpy reclaim
to have no significant advantage over compaction but this is at
the POC stage.
3. In increments, attempt to allocate 5% of memory as hugepages.
Measure how long it took, how successful it was, how many
direct reclaims took place and how how many compactions. Note
the compaction figures might not fully add up as compactions
can take place for orders other than the hugepage size
X86 vanilla compaction
Final page count 913 916 (attempted 1002)
pages reclaimed 68296 9791
X86-64 vanilla compaction
Final page count: 901 902 (attempted 1002)
Total pages reclaimed: 112599 53234
PPC64 vanilla compaction
Final page count: 93 94 (attempted 110)
Total pages reclaimed: 103216 61838
There was not a dramatic improvement in success rates but it wouldn't be
expected in this case either. What was important is that fewer pages were
reclaimed in all cases reducing the amount of IO required to satisfy a huge
page allocation.
The second tests were all performance related - kernbench, netperf, iozone
and sysbench. None showed anything too remarkable.
The last test was a high-order allocation stress test. Many kernel compiles
are started to fill memory with a pressured mix of unmovable and movable
allocations. During this, an attempt is made to allocate 90% of memory
as huge pages - one at a time with small delays between attempts to avoid
flooding the IO queue.
vanilla compaction
Percentage of request allocated X86 98 99
Percentage of request allocated X86-64 95 98
Percentage of request allocated PPC64 55 70
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-devices-node | 7 +
Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt | 26 +-
drivers/base/node.c | 3 +
include/linux/compaction.h | 89 ++++
include/linux/mm.h | 1 +
include/linux/mmzone.h | 9 +
include/linux/rmap.h | 27 +-
include/linux/swap.h | 6 +
include/linux/vmstat.h | 4 +
kernel/sysctl.c | 25 +
mm/Kconfig | 18 +-
mm/Makefile | 1 +
mm/compaction.c | 605 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
mm/ksm.c | 4 +-
mm/migrate.c | 54 ++-
mm/page_alloc.c | 111 +++++
mm/rmap.c | 10 +-
mm/vmscan.c | 5 -
mm/vmstat.c | 299 ++++++++++++--
19 files changed, 1246 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-devices-node
create mode 100644 include/linux/compaction.h
create mode 100644 mm/compaction.c
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