Hi everyone! After various discussions following Andrzej's talk at EOSS, feedback from the Media Summit (which I could not attend unfortunately) and various direct discussions, I have compiled some thoughts and ideas about stateless encoders support with various proposals. This is the result of a few years of interest in the topic, after working on a PoC for the Hantro H1 using the hantro driver, which turned out to have numerous design issues. I am now working on a H.264 encoder driver for Allwinner platforms (currently focusing on the V3/V3s), which already provides some usable bitstream and will be published soon. This is a very long email where I've tried to split things into distinct topics and explain a few concepts to make sure everyone is on the same page. # Bitstream Headers Stateless encoders typically do not generate all the bitstream headers and sometimes no header at all (e.g. Allwinner encoder does not even produce slice headers). There's often some hardware block that makes bit-level writing to the destination buffer easier (deals with alignment, etc). The values of the bitstream headers must be in line with how the compressed data bitstream is generated and generally follow the codec specification. Some encoders might allow configuring all the fields found in the headers, others may only allow configuring a few or have specific constraints regarding which values are allowed. As a result, we cannot expect that any given encoder is able to produce frames for any set of headers. Reporting related constraints and limitations (beyond profile/level) seems quite difficult and error-prone. So it seems that keeping header generation in-kernel only (close to where the hardware is actually configured) is the safest approach. # Codec Features Codecs have many variable features that can be enabled or not and specific configuration fields that can take various values. There is usually some top-level indication of profile/level that restricts what can be used. This is a very similar situation to stateful encoding, where codec-specific controls are used to report and set profile/level and configure these aspects. A particularly nice thing about it is that we can reuse these existing controls and add new ones in the future for features that are not yet covered. This approach feels more flexible than designing new structures with a selected set of parameters (that could match the existing controls) for each codec. # Reference and Reconstruction Management With stateless encoding, we need to tell the hardware which frames need to be used as references for encoding the current frame and make sure we have the these references available as decoded frames in memory. Regardless of references, stateless encoders typically need some memory space to write the decoded (known as reconstructed) frame while it's being encoded. One question here is how many slots for decoded pictures should be allocated by the driver when starting to stream. There is usually a maximum number of reference frames that can be used at a time, although perhaps there is a use case to keeping more around and alternative between them for future references. Another question is how the driver should keep track of which frame will be used as a reference in the future and which one can be evicted from the pool of decoded pictures if it's not going to be used anymore. A restrictive approach would be to let the driver alone manage that, similarly to how stateful encoders behave. However it might provide extra flexibility (and memory gain) to allow userspace to configure the maximum number of possible reference frames. In that case it becomes necessary to indicate if a given frame will be used as a reference in the future (maybe using a buffer flag) and to indicate which previous reference frames (probably to be identified with the matching output buffer's timestamp) should be used for the current encode. This could be done with a new dedicated control (as a variable-sized array of timestamps). Note that userspace would have to update it for every frame or the reference frames will remain the same for future encodes. The driver will then make sure to keep the reconstructed buffer around, in one of the slots. When there's no slot left, the driver will drop the oldest reference it has (maybe with a bounce buffer to still allow it to be used as a reference for the current encode). With this behavior defined in the uAPI spec, userspace will also be able to keep track of which previous frame is no longer allowed as a reference. # Frame Types Stateless encoder drivers will typically instruct the hardware to encode either an intra-coded or an inter-coded frame. While a stream composed only of a single intra-coded frame followed by only inter-coded frames is possible, it's generally not desirable as it is not very robust against data loss and makes seeking difficult. As a result, the frame type is usually decided based on a given GOP size (the frequency at which a new intra-coded frame is produced) while intra-coded frames can be explicitly requested upon request. Stateful encoders implement these through dedicated controls: - V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_FORCE_KEY_FRAME - V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_GOP_SIZE - V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_H264_I_PERIOD It seems that reusing them would be possible, which would let the driver decide of the particular frame type. However it makes the reference frame management a bit trickier since reference frames might be requested from userspace for a frame that ends up being intra-coded. We can either allow this and silently ignore the info or expect that userspace keeps track of the GOP index and not send references on the first frame. In some codecs, there's also a notion of barrier key-frames (IDR frames in H.264) that strictly forbid using any past reference beyond the frame. There seems to be an assumption that the GOP start uses this kind of frame (and not any intra-coded frame), while the force key frame control does not particularly specify it. In that case we should flush the list of references and userspace should no longer provide references to them for future frames. This puts a requirement on userspace to keep track of GOP start in order to know when to flush its reference list. It could also check if V4L2_BUF_FLAG_KEYFRAME is set, but this could also indicate a general intra-coded frame that is not a barrier. So another possibility would be for userspace to explicitly indicate which frame type to use (in a codec-specific way) and act accordingly, leaving any notion of GOP up to userspace. I feel like this might be the easiest approach while giving an extra degree of control to userspace. # Rate Control Another important feature of encoders is the ability to control the amount of data produced following different rate control strategies. Stateful encoders typically do this in-firmware and expose controls for selecting the strategy and associated targets. It seems desirable to support both automatic and manual rate-control to userspace. Automatic control would be implemented kernel-side (with algos possibly shared across drivers) and reuse existing stateful controls. The advantage is simplicity (userspace does not need to carry its own rate-control implementation) and to ensure that there is a built-in mechanism for common strategies available for every driver (no mandatory dependency on a proprietary userspace stack). There may also be extra statistics or controls available to the driver that allow finer-grain control. Manual control allows userspace to get creative and requires the ability to set the quantization parameter (QP) directly for each frame (controls are already as many stateful encoders also support it). # Regions of Interest Regions of interest (ROIs) allow specifying sub-regions of the frame that should be prioritized for quality. Stateless encoders typically support a limited number and allow setting specific QP values for these regions. While the QP value should be used directly in manual rate-control, we probably want to have some "level of importance" setting for kernel-side rate-control, along with the dimensions/position of each ROI. This could be expressed with a new structure containing all these elements and presented as a variable-sized array control with as many elements as the hardware can support. -- Paul Kocialkowski, Bootlin Embedded Linux and kernel engineering https://bootlin.com
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