Hello Yang Bo, On 9/19/19 4:38 AM, Yang Bo wrote: > The man page says that new_root does not have be a mountpoint > but it must be, I tried to pivot_root into a non-mountpoint > directory and always failed with EINVAL, the kernel source > fs/namespace.c confirms that, to quote a comment from this file: > > - it's okay to pick a root that isn't the root of a file system, e.g. > - /nfs/my_root where /nfs is the mount point. It must be a mountpoint, > - though, so you may need to say mount --bind /nfs/my_root /nfs/my_root > - first. Yes, you are correct. There are in fact many problems in the current pivot_root(2) page, and I am in the process of substantially revising it. Thanks Michael -- Michael Kerrisk Linux man-pages maintainer; http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/ Linux/UNIX System Programming Training: http://man7.org/training/