"Michael Kerrisk (man-pages)" <mtk.manpages@xxxxxxxxx> writes:
> Hello Eric et al.,
>
> For various reasons, my work on the namespaces man pages
> fell off the table a while back. Nevertheless, the pages have
> been close to completion for a while now, and I recently restarted,
> in an effort to finish them. As you also noted to me f2f, there have
> been recently been some small namespace changes that you may affect
> the content of the pages. Therefore, I'll take the opportunity to
> send the namespace-related pages out for further (final?) review.
>
> So, here, I start with the user_namespaces(7) page, which is shown
> in rendered form below, with source attached to this mail. I'll
> send various other pages in follow-on mails.
>
> Review comments/suggestions for improvements / bug fixes welcome.
>
> Cheers,
>
> Michael
>
> ==
>
> NAME
> user_namespaces - overview of Linux user_namespaces
>
> DESCRIPTION
> For an overview of namespaces, see namespaces(7).
>
> User namespaces isolate security-related identifiers and
> attributes, in particular, user IDs and group IDs (see creden‐
> tials(7), the root directory, keys (see keyctl(2)), and capabili‐
> ties (see capabilities(7)). A process's user and group IDs can
> be different inside and outside a user namespace. In particular,
> a process can have a normal unprivileged user ID outside a user
> namespace while at the same time having a user ID of 0 inside the
> namespace; in other words, the process has full privileges for
> operations inside the user namespace, but is unprivileged for
> operations outside the namespace.
>
> Nested namespaces, namespace membership
> User namespaces can be nested; that is, each user namespace—
> except the initial ("root") namespace—has a parent user names‐
> pace, and can have zero or more child user namespaces. The par‐
> ent user namespace is the user namespace of the process that cre‐
> ates the user namespace via a call to unshare(2) or clone(2) with
> the CLONE_NEWUSER flag.
>
> The kernel imposes (since version 3.11) a limit of 32 nested lev‐
> els of user namespaces. Calls to unshare(2) or clone(2) that
> would cause this limit to be exceeded fail with the error EUSERS.
>
> Each process is a member of exactly one user namespace. A
> process created via fork(2) or clone(2) without the CLONE_NEWUSER
> flag is a member of the same user namespace as its parent.
> A
^ single-threaded
Because of chroot and other things multi-threaded processes are not
allowed to join a user namespace. For the documentation just saying
single-threaded sounds like enough here.
> process can join another user namespace with setns(2) if it has
> the CAP_SYS_ADMIN in that namespace; upon doing so, it gains a
> full set of capabilities in that namespace.
>
> A call to clone(2) or unshare(2) with the CLONE_NEWUSER flag
> makes the new child process (for clone(2)) or the caller (for
> unshare(2)) a member of the new user namespace created by the
> call.
>
> Capabilities
> The child process created by clone(2) with the CLONE_NEWUSER flag
> starts out with a complete set of capabilities in the new user
> namespace. Likewise, a process that creates a new user namespace
> using unshare(2) or joins an existing user namespace using
> setns(2) gains a full set of capabilities in that namespace. On
> the other hand, that process has no capabilities in the parent
> (in the case of clone(2)) or previous (in the case of unshare(2)
> and setns(2)) user namespace, even if the new namespace is cre‐
> ated or joined by the root user (i.e., a process with user ID 0
> in the root namespace).
>
> Note that a call to execve(2) will cause a process to lose any
> capabilities that it has, unless it has a user ID of 0 within the
> namespace. See the discussion of user and group ID mappings,
> below.
>
> A call to clone(2), unshare(2), or setns(2) using the
> CLONE_NEWUSER flag sets the "securebits" flags (see capabili‐
> ties(7)) to their default values (all flags disabled) in the
> child (for clone(2)) or caller (for unshare(2), or setns(2)).
> Note that because the caller no longer has capabilities in its
> original user namespace after a call to setns(2), it is not pos‐
> sible for a process to reset its "securebits" flags while retain‐
> ing its user namespace membership by using a pair of setns(2)
> calls to move to another user namespace and then return to its
> original user namespace.
>
> Having a capability inside a user namespace permits a process to
> perform operations (that require privilege) only on resources
> governed by that namespace. The rules for determining whether or
> not a process has a capability in a particular user namespace are
> as follows:
>
> 1. A process has a capability inside a user namespace if it is a
> member of that namespace and it has the capability in its
> effective capability set. A process can gain capabilities in
> its effective capability set in various ways. For example, it
> may execute a set-user-ID program or an executable with asso‐
> ciated file capabilities. In addition, a process may gain
> capabilities via the effect of clone(2), unshare(2), or
> setns(2), as already described.
>
> 2. If a process has a capability in a user namespace, then it has
> that capability in all child (and further removed descendant)
> namespaces as well.
>
> 3. When a user namespace is created, the kernel records the
> effective user ID of the creating process as being the "owner"
> of the namespace. A process that resides in the parent of the
> user namespace and whose effective user ID matches the owner
> of the namespace has all capabilities in the namespace. By
> virtue of the previous rule, this means that the process has
> all capabilities in all further removed descendant user names‐
> paces as well.
>
> Interaction of user namespaces and other types of namespaces
> Starting in Linux 3.8, unprivileged processes can create user
> namespaces, and mount, PID, IPC, network, and UTS namespaces can
> be created with just the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability in the caller's
> user namespace.
>
> If CLONE_NEWUSER is specified along with other CLONE_NEW* flags
> in a single clone(2) or unshare(2) call, the user namespace is
> guaranteed to be created first, giving the child (clone(2)) or
> caller (unshare(2)) privileges over the remaining namespaces cre‐
> ated by the call. Thus, it is possible for an unprivileged call‐
> er to specify this combination of flags.
>
> When a new IPC, mount, network, PID, or UTS namespace is created
> via clone(2) or unshare(2), the kernel records the user namespace
> of the creating process against the new namespace. (This associ‐
> ation can't be changed.) When a process in the new namespace
> subsequently performs privileged operations that operate on
> global resources isolated by the namespace, the permission checks
> are performed according to the process's capabilities in the user
> namespace that the kernel associated with the new namespace.
Restrictions on mount namespaces.
- A mount namespace has a owner user namespace. A mount namespace whose
owner user namespace is different than the owerner user namespace of
it's parent mount namespace is considered a less privileged mount
namespace.
- When creating a less privileged mount namespace shared mounts are
reduced to slave mounts. This ensures that mappings performed in less
privileged mount namespaces will not propogate to more privielged
mount namespaces.
- Mounts that come as a single unit from more privileged mount are
locked together and may not be separated in a less privielged mount
namespace.
- The mount flags readonly, nodev, nosuid, noexec, and the mount atime
settings when propogated from a more privielged to a less privileged
mount namespace become locked, and may not be changed in the less
privielged mount namespace.
- (As of 3.18-rc1 (in todays Al Viros vfs.git#for-next tree)) A file or
directory that is a mountpoint in one namespace that is not a mount
point in another namespace, may be renamed, unlinked, or rmdired in
the mount namespace in which it is not a mount namespace if the
ordinary permission checks pass.
Previously attemping to rmdir, unlink or rename a file or directory
that was a mount point in another mount namespace would result in
-EBUSY. This behavior had technical problems of enforcement (nfs)
and resulted in a nice denial of servial attack against more
privileged users. (Aka preventing individual files from being updated
by bind mounting on top of them).
> User and group ID mappings: uid_map and gid_map
> When a user namespace is created, it starts out without a mapping
> of user IDs (group IDs) to the parent user namespace. The
> /proc/[pid]/uid_map and /proc/[pid]/gid_map files (available
> since Linux 3.5) expose the mappings for user and group IDs
> inside the user namespace for the process pid. These files can
> be read to view the mappings in a user namespace and written to
> (once) to define the mappings.
>
> The description in the following paragraphs explains the details
> for uid_map; gid_map is exactly the same, but each instance of
> "user ID" is replaced by "group ID".
>
> The uid_map file exposes the mapping of user IDs from the user
> namespace of the process pid to the user namespace of the process
> that opened uid_map (but see a qualification to this point
> below). In other words, processes that are in different user
> namespaces will potentially see different values when reading
> from a particular uid_map file, depending on the user ID mappings
> for the user namespaces of the reading processes.
>
> Each line in the uid_map file specifies a 1-to-1 mapping of a
> range of contiguous user IDs between two user namespaces. (When
> a user namespace is first created, this file is empty.) The
> specification in each line takes the form of three numbers delim‐
> ited by white space. The first two numbers specify the starting
> user ID in each of the two user namespaces. The third number
> specifies the length of the mapped range. In detail, the fields
> are interpreted as follows:
>
> (1) The start of the range of user IDs in the user namespace of
> the process pid.
>
> (2) The start of the range of user IDs to which the user IDs
> specified by field one map. How field two is interpreted
> depends on whether the process that opened uid_map and the
> process pid are in the same user namespace, as follows:
>
> a) If the two processes are in different user namespaces:
> field two is the start of a range of user IDs in the user
> namespace of the process that opened uid_map.
>
> b) If the two processes are in the same user namespace: field
> two is the start of the range of user IDs in the parent
> user namespace of the process pid. This case enables the
> opener of uid_map (the common case here is opening
> /proc/self/uid_map) to see the mapping of user IDs into
> the user namespace of the process that created this user
> namespace.
>
> (3) The length of the range of user IDs that is mapped between
> the two user namespaces.
>
> System calls that return user IDs (group IDs)—for example,
> getuid(2), getgid(2), and the credential fields in the structure
> returned by stat(2)—return the user ID (group ID) mapped into the
> caller's user namespace.
>
> When a process accesses a file, its user and group IDs are mapped
> into the initial user namespace for the purpose of permission
> checking and assigning IDs when creating a file. When a process
> retrieves file user and group IDs via stat(2), the IDs are mapped
> in the opposite direction, to produce values relative to the
> process user and group ID mappings.
>
> The initial user namespace has no parent namespace, but, for con‐
> sistency, the kernel provides dummy user and group ID mapping
> files for this namespace. Looking at the uid_map file (gid_map
> is the same) from a shell in the initial namespace shows:
>
> $ cat /proc/$$/uid_map
> 0 0 4294967295
>
> This mapping tells us that the range starting at user ID 0 in
> this namespace maps to a range starting at 0 in the (nonexistent)
> parent namespace, and the length of the range is the largest
> 32-bit unsigned integer.
Which deliberately leaves 4294967295 32bit (-1) unmapped. (uid_t)-1 is
used in several interfaces (like setreuid) as a way to specify no uid
leaving it unmapped and unusuable guarantees that there will be no
confusion when using those kernel methods.
> Defining user and group ID mappings: writing to uid_map and gid_map
> After the creation of a new user namespace, the uid_map file of
> one of the processes in the namespace may be written to once to
> define the mapping of user IDs in the new user namespace. An
> attempt to write more than once to a uid_map file in a user
> namespace fails with the error EPERM. Similar rules apply for
> gid_map files.
>
> The lines written to uid_map (gid_map) must conform to the fol‐
> lowing rules:
>
> * The three fields must be valid numbers, and the last field
> must be greater than 0.
>
> * Lines are terminated by newline characters.
>
> * There is an (arbitrary) limit on the number of lines in the
> file. As at Linux 3.8, the limit is five lines. In addition,
> the number of bytes written to the file must be less than the
> system page size, and the write must be performed at the start
> of the file (i.e., lseek(2) and pwrite(2) can't be used to
> write to nonzero offsets in the file).
>
> * The range of user IDs (group IDs) specified in each line can‐
> not overlap with the ranges in any other lines. In the ini‐
> tial implementation (Linux 3.8), this requirement was satis‐
> fied by a simplistic implementation that imposed the further
> requirement that the values in both field 1 and field 2 of
> successive lines must be in ascending numerical order, which
> prevented some otherwise valid maps from being created. Linux
> 3.9 and later fix this limitation, allowing any valid set of
> nonoverlapping maps.
>
> * At least one line must be written to the file.
>
> Writes that violate the above rules fail with the error EINVAL.
>
> In order for a process to write to the /proc/[pid]/uid_map
> (/proc/[pid]/gid_map) file, all of the following requirements
> must be met:
>
> 1. The writing process must have the CAP_SETUID (CAP_SETGID)
> capability in the user namespace of the process pid.
>
> 2. The writing process must be in either the user namespace of
> the process pid or inside the parent user namespace of the
> process pid.
>
> 3. The mapped user IDs (group IDs) must in turn have a mapping in
> the parent user namespace.
>
> 4. One of the following is true:
>
> * The data written to uid_map (gid_map) consists of a single
> line that maps the writing process's filesystem user ID
> (group ID) in the parent user namespace to a user ID (group
> ID) in the user namespace. The usual case here is that
> this single line provides a mapping for user ID of the
> process that created the namespace.
>
> * The process has the CAP_SETUID (CAP_SETGID) capability in
> the parent user namespace. Thus, a privileged process can
> make mappings to arbitrary user IDs (group IDs) in the par‐
> ent user namespace.
>
> Writes that violate the above rules fail with the error EPERM.
>
> Unmapped user and group IDs
> There are various places where an unmapped user ID (group ID) may
> be exposed to user space. For example, the first process in a
> new user namespace may call getuid() before a user ID mapping has
> been defined for the namespace. In most such cases, an unmapped
> user ID is converted to the overflow user ID (group ID); the
> default value for the overflow user ID (group ID) is 65534. See
> the descriptions of /proc/sys/kernel/overflowuid and
> /proc/sys/kernel/overflowgid in proc(5).
>
> The cases where unmapped IDs are mapped in this fashion include
> system calls that return user IDs (getuid(2) getgid(2), and simi‐
> lar), credentials passed over a UNIX domain socket, credentials
> returned by stat(2), waitid(2), and the System V IPC "ctl"
> IPC_STAT operations, credentials exposed by /proc/PID/status and
> the files in /proc/sysvipc/*, credentials returned via the si_uid
> field in the siginfo_t received with a signal (see sigaction(2)),
> credentials written to the process accounting file (see acct(5)),
> and credentials returned with POSIX message queue notifications
> (see mq_notify(3)).
>
> There is one notable case where unmapped user and group IDs are
> not converted to the corresponding overflow ID value. When view‐
> ing a uid_map or gid_map file in which there is no mapping for
> the second field, that field is displayed as 4294967295 (-1 as an
> unsigned integer);
>
> Set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs
> When a process inside a user namespace executes a set-user-ID
> (set-group-ID) program, the process's effective user (group) ID
> inside the namespace is changed to whatever value is mapped for
> the user (group) ID of the file. However, if either the user or
> the group ID of the file has no mapping inside the namespace, the
> set-user-ID (set-group-ID) bit is silently ignored: the new pro‐
> gram is executed, but the process's effective user (group) ID is
> left unchanged. (This mirrors the semantics of executing a set-
> user-ID or set-group-ID program that resides on a filesystem that
> was mounted with the MS_NOSUID flag, as described in mount(2).)
>
> Miscellaneous
> When a process's user and group IDs are passed over a UNIX domain
> socket to a process in a different user namespace (see the
> description of SCM_CREDENTIALS in unix(7)), they are translated
> into the corresponding values as per the receiving process's user
> and group ID mappings.
>
> CONFORMING TO
> Namespaces are a Linux-specific feature.
>
> NOTES
> Over the years, there have been a lot of features that have been
> added to the Linux kernel that have been made available only to
> privileged users because of their potential to confuse set-user-
> ID-root applications. In general, it becomes safe to allow the
> root user in a user namespace to use those features because it is
> impossible, while in a user namespace, to gain more privilege
> than the root user of a user namespace has.
>
> Availability
> Use of user namespaces requires a kernel that is configured with
> the CONFIG_USER_NS option. User namespaces require support in a
> range of subsystems across the kernel. When an unsupported sub‐
> system is configured into the kernel, it is not possible to con‐
> figure user namespaces support.
>
> As at Linux 3.8, most relevant subsystems supported user names‐
> paces, but a number of filesystems did not have the infrastruc‐
> ture needed to map user and group IDs between user namespaces.
> Linux 3.9 added the required infrastructure support for many of
> the remaining unsupported filesystems (Plan 9 (9P), Andrew File
> System (AFS), Ceph, CIFS, CODA, NFS, and OCFS2). Linux 3.11
> added support the last of the unsupported major filesystems, XFS.
>
> EXAMPLE
> The program below is designed to allow experimenting with user
> namespaces, as well as other types of namespaces. It creates
> namespaces as specified by command-line options and then executes
> a command inside those namespaces. The comments and usage()
> function inside the program provide a full explanation of the
> program. The following shell session demonstrates its use.
>
> First, we look at the run-time environment:
>
> $ uname -rs # Need Linux 3.8 or later
> Linux 3.8.0
> $ id -u # Running as unprivileged user
> 1000
> $ id -g
> 1000
>
> Now start a new shell in new user (-U), mount (-m), and PID (-p)
> namespaces, with user ID (-M) and group ID (-G) 1000 mapped to 0
> inside the user namespace:
>
> $ ./userns_child_exec -p -m -U -M '0 1000 1' -G '0 1000 1' bash
>
> The shell has PID 1, because it is the first process in the new
> PID namespace:
>
> bash$ echo $$
> 1
>
> Inside the user namespace, the shell has user and group ID 0, and
> a full set of permitted and effective capabilities:
>
> bash$ cat /proc/$$/status | egrep '^[UG]id'
> Uid: 0 0 0 0
> Gid: 0 0 0 0
> bash$ cat /proc/$$/status | egrep '^Cap(Prm|Inh|Eff)'
> CapInh: 0000000000000000
> CapPrm: 0000001fffffffff
> CapEff: 0000001fffffffff
>
> Mounting a new /proc filesystem and listing all of the processes
> visible in the new PID namespace shows that the shell can't see
> any processes outside the PID namespace:
>
> bash$ mount -t proc proc /proc
> bash$ ps ax
> PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
> 1 pts/3 S 0:00 bash
> 22 pts/3 R+ 0:00 ps ax
>
> Program source
>
> /* userns_child_exec.c
>
> Licensed under GNU General Public License v2 or later
>
> Create a child process that executes a shell command in new
> namespace(s); allow UID and GID mappings to be specified when
> creating a user namespace.
> */
> #define _GNU_SOURCE
> #include <sched.h>
> #include <unistd.h>
> #include <stdlib.h>
> #include <sys/wait.h>
> #include <signal.h>
> #include <fcntl.h>
> #include <stdio.h>
> #include <string.h>
> #include <limits.h>
> #include <errno.h>
>
> /* A simple error-handling function: print an error message based
> on the value in 'errno' and terminate the calling process */
>
> #define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
> } while (0)
>
> struct child_args {
> char **argv; /* Command to be executed by child, with args */
> int pipe_fd[2]; /* Pipe used to synchronize parent and child */
> };
>
> static int verbose;
>
> static void
> usage(char *pname)
> {
> fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [options] cmd [arg...]\n\n", pname);
> fprintf(stderr, "Create a child process that executes a shell "
> "command in a new user namespace,\n"
> "and possibly also other new namespace(s).\n\n");
> fprintf(stderr, "Options can be:\n\n");
> #define fpe(str) fprintf(stderr, " %s", str);
> fpe("-i New IPC namespace\n");
> fpe("-m New mount namespace\n");
> fpe("-n New network namespace\n");
> fpe("-p New PID namespace\n");
> fpe("-u New UTS namespace\n");
> fpe("-U New user namespace\n");
> fpe("-M uid_map Specify UID map for user namespace\n");
> fpe("-G gid_map Specify GID map for user namespace\n");
> fpe("-z Map user's UID and GID to 0 in user namespace\n");
> fpe(" (equivalent to: -M '0 <uid> 1' -G '0 <gid> 1')\n");
> fpe("-v Display verbose messages\n");
> fpe("\n");
> fpe("If -z, -M, or -G is specified, -U is required.\n");
> fpe("It is not permitted to specify both -z and either -M or -G.\n");
> fpe("\n");
> fpe("Map strings for -M and -G consist of records of the form:\n");
> fpe("\n");
> fpe(" ID-inside-ns ID-outside-ns len\n");
> fpe("\n");
> fpe("A map string can contain multiple records, separated"
> " by commas;\n");
> fpe("the commas are replaced by newlines before writing"
> " to map files.\n");
>
> exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
> }
>
> /* Update the mapping file 'map_file', with the value provided in
> 'mapping', a string that defines a UID or GID mapping. A UID or
> GID mapping consists of one or more newline-delimited records
> of the form:
>
> ID_inside-ns ID-outside-ns length
>
> Requiring the user to supply a string that contains newlines is
> of course inconvenient for command-line use. Thus, we permit the
> use of commas to delimit records in this string, and replace them
> with newlines before writing the string to the file. */
>
> static void
> update_map(char *mapping, char *map_file)
> {
> int fd, j;
> size_t map_len; /* Length of 'mapping' */
>
> /* Replace commas in mapping string with newlines */
>
> map_len = strlen(mapping);
> for (j = 0; j < map_len; j++)
> if (mapping[j] == ',')
> mapping[j] = '\n';
>
> fd = open(map_file, O_RDWR);
> if (fd == -1) {
> fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: open %s: %s\n", map_file,
> strerror(errno));
> exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
> }
>
> if (write(fd, mapping, map_len) != map_len) {
> fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: write %s: %s\n", map_file,
> strerror(errno));
> exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
> }
>
> close(fd);
> }
>
> static int /* Start function for cloned child */
> childFunc(void *arg)
> {
> struct child_args *args = (struct child_args *) arg;
> char ch;
>
> /* Wait until the parent has updated the UID and GID mappings.
> See the comment in main(). We wait for end of file on a
> pipe that will be closed by the parent process once it has
> updated the mappings. */
>
> close(args->pipe_fd[1]); /* Close our descriptor for the write
> end of the pipe so that we see EOF
> when parent closes its descriptor */
> if (read(args->pipe_fd[0], &ch, 1) != 0) {
> fprintf(stderr,
> "Failure in child: read from pipe returned != 0\n");
> exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
> }
>
> /* Execute a shell command */
>
> printf("About to exec %s\n", args->argv[0]);
> execvp(args->argv[0], args->argv);
> errExit("execvp");
> }
>
> #define STACK_SIZE (1024 * 1024)
>
> static char child_stack[STACK_SIZE]; /* Space for child's stack */
>
> int
> main(int argc, char *argv[])
> {
> int flags, opt, map_zero;
> pid_t child_pid;
> struct child_args args;
> char *uid_map, *gid_map;
> const int MAP_BUF_SIZE = 100;
> char map_buf[MAP_BUF_SIZE];
> char map_path[PATH_MAX];
>
> /* Parse command-line options. The initial '+' character in
> the final getopt() argument prevents GNU-style permutation
> of command-line options. That's useful, since sometimes
> the 'command' to be executed by this program itself
> has command-line options. We don't want getopt() to treat
> those as options to this program. */
>
> flags = 0;
> verbose = 0;
> gid_map = NULL;
> uid_map = NULL;
> map_zero = 0;
> while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "+imnpuUM:G:zv")) != -1) {
> switch (opt) {
> case 'i': flags |= CLONE_NEWIPC; break;
> case 'm': flags |= CLONE_NEWNS; break;
> case 'n': flags |= CLONE_NEWNET; break;
> case 'p': flags |= CLONE_NEWPID; break;
> case 'u': flags |= CLONE_NEWUTS; break;
> case 'v': verbose = 1; break;
> case 'z': map_zero = 1; break;
> case 'M': uid_map = optarg; break;
> case 'G': gid_map = optarg; break;
> case 'U': flags |= CLONE_NEWUSER; break;
> default: usage(argv[0]);
> }
> }
>
> /* -M or -G without -U is nonsensical */
>
> if (((uid_map != NULL || gid_map != NULL || map_zero) &&
> !(flags & CLONE_NEWUSER)) ||
> (map_zero && (uid_map != NULL || gid_map != NULL)))
> usage(argv[0]);
>
> args.argv = &argv[optind];
>
> /* We use a pipe to synchronize the parent and child, in order to
> ensure that the parent sets the UID and GID maps before the child
> calls execve(). This ensures that the child maintains its
> capabilities during the execve() in the common case where we
> want to map the child's effective user ID to 0 in the new user
> namespace. Without this synchronization, the child would lose
> its capabilities if it performed an execve() with nonzero
> user IDs (see the capabilities(7) man page for details of the
> transformation of a process's capabilities during execve()). */
>
> if (pipe(args.pipe_fd) == -1)
> errExit("pipe");
>
> /* Create the child in new namespace(s) */
>
> child_pid = clone(childFunc, child_stack + STACK_SIZE,
> flags | SIGCHLD, &args);
> if (child_pid == -1)
> errExit("clone");
>
> /* Parent falls through to here */
>
> if (verbose)
> printf("%s: PID of child created by clone() is %ld\n",
> argv[0], (long) child_pid);
>
> /* Update the UID and GID maps in the child */
>
> if (uid_map != NULL || map_zero) {
> snprintf(map_path, PATH_MAX, "/proc/%ld/uid_map",
> (long) child_pid);
> if (map_zero) {
> snprintf(map_buf, MAP_BUF_SIZE, "0 %ld 1", (long) getuid());
> uid_map = map_buf;
> }
> update_map(uid_map, map_path);
> }
> if (gid_map != NULL || map_zero) {
> snprintf(map_path, PATH_MAX, "/proc/%ld/gid_map",
> (long) child_pid);
> if (map_zero) {
> snprintf(map_buf, MAP_BUF_SIZE, "0 %ld 1", (long) getgid());
> gid_map = map_buf;
> }
> update_map(gid_map, map_path);
> }
>
> /* Close the write end of the pipe, to signal to the child that we
> have updated the UID and GID maps */
>
> close(args.pipe_fd[1]);
>
> if (waitpid(child_pid, NULL, 0) == -1) /* Wait for child */
> errExit("waitpid");
>
> if (verbose)
> printf("%s: terminating\n", argv[0]);
>
> exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
> }
>
> SEE ALSO
> newgidmap(1), newuidmap(1), clone(2), setns(2), unshare(2),
> proc(5), subgid(5), subuid(5), credentials(7), capabilities(7),
> namespaces(7), pid_namespaces(7)
>
> The kernel source file Documentation/namespaces/resource-con‐
> trol.txt.
Eric
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