From: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@xxxxxxxxxx> Add a discussion of pageable kernel memory, since online fsck needs quite a bit more memory than most other parts of the filesystem to stage records and other information. Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@xxxxxxxxxx> --- .../filesystems/xfs-online-fsck-design.rst | 490 ++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 490 insertions(+) diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/xfs-online-fsck-design.rst b/Documentation/filesystems/xfs-online-fsck-design.rst index 7b783a0e85b9..2957aefb983a 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/xfs-online-fsck-design.rst +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/xfs-online-fsck-design.rst @@ -383,6 +383,8 @@ Algorithms") of Srinivasan. However, any data structure builder that maintains a resource lock for the duration of the repair is *always* an offline algorithm. +.. _secondary_metadata: + Secondary Metadata `````````````````` @@ -1750,3 +1752,491 @@ Scrub teardown disables all static keys obtained by ``xchk_fshooks_enable``. For more information, please see the kernel documentation of Documentation/staging/static-keys.rst. + +.. _xfile: + +Pageable Kernel Memory +---------------------- + +Demonstrations of the first few prototypes of online repair revealed new +technical requirements that were not originally identified. +For the first demonstration, the code walked whatever filesystem +metadata it needed to synthesize new records and inserted records into a new +btree as it found them. +This was subpar since any additional corruption or runtime errors encountered +during the walk would shut down the filesystem. +After remount, the blocks containing the half-rebuilt data structure would not +be accessible until another repair was attempted. +Solving the problem of half-rebuilt data structures will be discussed in the +next section. + +For the second demonstration, the synthesized records were instead stored in +kernel slab memory. +Doing so enabled online repair to abort without writing to the filesystem if +the metadata walk failed, which prevented online fsck from making things worse. +However, even this approach needed improving upon. + +There are four reasons why traditional Linux kernel memory management isn't +suitable for storing large datasets: + +1. Although it is tempting to allocate a contiguous block of memory to create a + C array, this cannot easily be done in the kernel because it cannot be + relied upon to allocate multiple contiguous memory pages. + +2. While disparate physical pages can be virtually mapped together, installed + memory might still not be large enough to stage the entire record set in + memory while constructing a new btree. + +3. To overcome these two difficulties, the implementation was adjusted to use + doubly linked lists, which means every record object needed two 64-bit list + head pointers, which is a lot of overhead. + +4. Kernel memory is pinned, which can drive the system out of memory, leading + to OOM kills of unrelated processes. + +For the third iteration, attention swung back to the possibility of using +byte-indexed array-like storage to reduce the overhead of in-memory records. +At any given time, online repair does not need to keep the entire record set in +memory, which means that individual records can be paged out. +Creating new temporary files in the XFS filesystem to store intermediate data +was explored and rejected for some types of repairs because a filesystem with +compromised space and inode metadata should never be used to fix compromised +space or inode metadata. +However, the kernel already has a facility for byte-addressable and pageable +storage: shmfs. +In-kernel graphics drivers (most notably i915) take advantage of shmfs files +to store intermediate data that doesn't need to be in memory at all times, so +that usage precedent is already established. +Hence, the ``xfile`` was born! + +xfile Access Models +``````````````````` + +A survey of the intended uses of xfiles suggested these use cases: + +1. Arrays of fixed-sized records (space management btrees, directory and + extended attribute entries) + +2. Sparse arrays of fixed-sized records (quotas and link counts) + +3. Large binary objects (BLOBs) of variable sizes (directory and extended + attribute names and values) + +4. Staging btrees in memory (reverse mapping btrees) + +5. Arbitrary contents (realtime space management) + +To support the first four use cases, high level data structures wrap the xfile +to share functionality between online fsck functions. +The rest of this section discusses the interfaces that the xfile presents to +four of those five higher level data structures. +The fifth use case is discussed in the :ref:`realtime summary <rtsummary>` case +study. + +The most general storage interface supported by the xfile enables the reading +and writing of arbitrary quantities of data at arbitrary offsets in the xfile. +This capability is provided by ``xfile_pread`` and ``xfile_pwrite`` functions, +which behave similarly to their userspace counterparts. +XFS is very record-based, which suggests that the ability to load and store +complete records is important. +To support these cases, a pair of ``xfile_obj_load`` and ``xfile_obj_store`` +functions are provided to read and persist objects into an xfile. +They are internally the same as pread and pwrite, except that they treat any +error as an out of memory error. +For online repair, squashing error conditions in this manner is an acceptable +behavior because the only reaction is to abort the operation back to userspace. +All five xfile usecases can be serviced by these four functions. + +However, no discussion of file access idioms is complete without answering the +question, "But what about mmap?" +It would be *much* more convenient if kernel code could access pageable kernel +memory with pointers, just like userspace code does with regular memory. +Like any other filesystem that uses the page cache, reads and writes of xfile +data lock the cache page and map it into the kernel address space for the +duration of the operation. +Unfortunately, shmfs can only write a file page to the swap device if the page +is unmapped and unlocked, which means the xfile risks causing OOM problems +unless it is careful not to pin too many pages. +Therefore, the xfile steers most of its users towards programmatic access so +that backing pages are not kept locked in memory for longer than is necessary. +However, for callers performing quick linear scans of xfile data, +``xfile_obj_get_page`` and ``xfile_obj_put_page`` functions are provided to pin +a page in memory. +So far, the only code to use these functions are the xfarray :ref:`sorting +<xfarray_sort>` algorithms. + +xfile Access Coordination +````````````````````````` + +For security reasons, xfiles must be owned privately by the kernel. +They are marked ``S_PRIVATE`` to prevent interference from the security system, +must never be mapped into process file descriptor tables, and their pages must +never be mapped into userspace processes. + +To avoid locking recursion issues with the VFS, all accesses to the shmfs file +are performed by manipulating the page cache directly. +xfile writes call the ``->write_begin`` and ``->write_end`` functions of the +xfile's address space to grab writable pages, copy the caller's buffer into the +page, and release the pages. +xfile reads call ``shmem_read_mapping_page_gfp`` to grab pages directly before +copying the contents into the caller's buffer. +In other words, xfiles ignore the VFS read and write code paths to avoid +having to create a dummy ``struct kiocb`` and to avoid taking inode and +freeze locks. + +If an xfile is shared between threads to stage repairs, the caller must provide +its own locks to coordinate access. + +.. _xfarray: + +Arrays of Fixed-Sized Records +````````````````````````````` + +In XFS, each type of indexed space metadata (free space, inodes, reference +counts, file fork space, and reverse mappings) consists of a set of fixed-size +records indexed with a classic B+ tree. +Directories have a set of fixed-size dirent records that point to the names, +and extended attributes have a set of fixed-size attribute keys that point to +names and values. +Quota counters and file link counters index records with numbers. +During a repair, scrub needs to stage new records during the gathering step and +retrieve them during the btree building step. + +Although this requirement can be satisfied by calling the read and write +methods of the xfile directly, it is simpler for callers for there to be a +higher level abstraction to take care of computing array offsets, to provide +iterator functions, and to deal with sparse records and sorting. +The ``xfarray`` abstraction presents a linear array for fixed-size records atop +the byte-accessible xfile. + +.. _xfarray_access_patterns: + +Array Access Patterns +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Array access patterns in online fsck tend to fall into three categories. +Iteration of records is assumed to be necessary for all cases and will be +covered in the next section. + +The first type of caller handles records that are indexed by position. +Gaps may exist between records, and a record may be updated multiple times +during the collection step. +In other words, these callers want a sparse linearly addressed table file. +The typical use case are quota records or file link count records. +Access to array elements is performed programmatically via ``xfarray_load`` and +``xfarray_store`` functions, which wrap the similarly-named xfile functions to +provide loading and storing of array elements at arbitrary array indices. +Gaps are defined to be null records, and null records are defined to be a +sequence of all zero bytes. +Null records are detected by calling ``xfarray_element_is_null``. +They are created either by calling ``xfarray_unset`` to null out an existing +record or by never storing anything to an array index. + +The second type of caller handles records that are not indexed by position +and do not require multiple updates to a record. +The typical use case here is rebuilding space btrees and key/value btrees. +These callers can add records to the array without caring about array indices +via the ``xfarray_append`` function, which stores a record at the end of the +array. +For callers that require records to be presentable in a specific order (e.g. +rebuilding btree data), the ``xfarray_sort`` function can arrange the sorted +records; this function will be covered later. + +The third type of caller is a bag, which is useful for counting records. +The typical use case here is constructing space extent reference counts from +reverse mapping information. +Records can be put in the bag in any order, they can be removed from the bag +at any time, and uniqueness of records is left to callers. +The ``xfarray_store_anywhere`` function is used to insert a record in any +null record slot in the bag; and the ``xfarray_unset`` function removes a +record from the bag. + +The proposed patchset is the +`big in-memory array +<https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/djwong/xfs-linux.git/log/?h=big-array>`_. + +Iterating Array Elements +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Most users of the xfarray require the ability to iterate the records stored in +the array. +Callers can probe every possible array index with the following: + +.. code-block:: c + + xfarray_idx_t i; + foreach_xfarray_idx(array, i) { + xfarray_load(array, i, &rec); + + /* do something with rec */ + } + +All users of this idiom must be prepared to handle null records or must already +know that there aren't any. + +For xfarray users that want to iterate a sparse array, the ``xfarray_iter`` +function ignores indices in the xfarray that have never been written to by +calling ``xfile_seek_data`` (which internally uses ``SEEK_DATA``) to skip areas +of the array that are not populated with memory pages. +Once it finds a page, it will skip the zeroed areas of the page. + +.. code-block:: c + + xfarray_idx_t i = XFARRAY_CURSOR_INIT; + while ((ret = xfarray_iter(array, &i, &rec)) == 1) { + /* do something with rec */ + } + +.. _xfarray_sort: + +Sorting Array Elements +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +During the fourth demonstration of online repair, a community reviewer remarked +that for performance reasons, online repair ought to load batches of records +into btree record blocks instead of inserting records into a new btree one at a +time. +The btree insertion code in XFS is responsible for maintaining correct ordering +of the records, so naturally the xfarray must also support sorting the record +set prior to bulk loading. + +The sorting algorithm used in the xfarray is actually a combination of adaptive +quicksort and a heapsort subalgorithm in the spirit of +`Sedgewick <https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/23quicksort/>`_ and +`pdqsort <https://github.com/orlp/pdqsort>`_, with customizations for the Linux +kernel. +To sort records in a reasonably short amount of time, ``xfarray`` takes +advantage of the binary subpartitioning offered by quicksort, but it also uses +heapsort to hedge aginst performance collapse if the chosen quicksort pivots +are poor. +Both algorithms are (in general) O(n * lg(n)), but there is a wide performance +gulf between the two implementations. + +The Linux kernel already contains a reasonably fast implementation of heapsort. +It only operates on regular C arrays, which limits the scope of its usefulness. +There are two key places where the xfarray uses it: + +* Sorting any record subset backed by a single xfile page. + +* Loading a small number of xfarray records from potentially disparate parts + of the xfarray into a memory buffer, and sorting the buffer. + +In other words, ``xfarray`` uses heapsort to constrain the nested recursion of +quicksort, thereby mitigating quicksort's worst runtime behavior. + +Choosing a quicksort pivot is a tricky business. +A good pivot splits the set to sort in half, leading to the divide and conquer +behavior that is crucial to O(n * lg(n)) performance. +A poor pivot barely splits the subset at all, leading to O(n\ :sup:`2`) +runtime. +The xfarray sort routine tries to avoid picking a bad pivot by sampling nine +records into a memory buffer and using the kernel heapsort to identify the +median of the nine. + +Most modern quicksort implementations employ Tukey's "ninther" to select a +pivot from a classic C array. +Typical ninther implementations pick three unique triads of records, sort each +of the triads, and then sort the middle value of each triad to determine the +ninther value. +As stated previously, however, xfile accesses are not entirely cheap. +It turned out to be much more performant to read the nine elements into a +memory buffer, run the kernel's in-memory heapsort on the buffer, and choose +the 4th element of that buffer as the pivot. +Tukey's ninthers are described in J. W. Tukey, `The ninther, a technique for +low-effort robust (resistant) location in large samples`, in *Contributions to +Survey Sampling and Applied Statistics*, edited by H. David, (Academic Press, +1978), pp. 251–257. + +The partitioning of quicksort is fairly textbook -- rearrange the record +subset around the pivot, then set up the current and next stack frames to +sort with the larger and the smaller halves of the pivot, respectively. +This keeps the stack space requirements to log2(record count). + +As a final performance optimization, the hi and lo scanning phase of quicksort +keeps examined xfile pages mapped in the kernel for as long as possible to +reduce map/unmap cycles. +Surprisingly, this reduces overall sort runtime by nearly half again after +accounting for the application of heapsort directly onto xfile pages. + +Blob Storage +```````````` + +Extended attributes and directories add an additional requirement for staging +records: arbitrary byte sequences of finite length. +Each directory entry record needs to store entry name, +and each extended attribute needs to store both the attribute name and value. +The names, keys, and values can consume a large amount of memory, so the +``xfblob`` abstraction was created to simplify management of these blobs +atop an xfile. + +Blob arrays provide ``xfblob_load`` and ``xfblob_store`` functions to retrieve +and persist objects. +The store function returns a magic cookie for every object that it persists. +Later, callers provide this cookie to the ``xblob_load`` to recall the object. +The ``xfblob_free`` function frees a specific blob, and the ``xfblob_truncate`` +function frees them all because compaction is not needed. + +The details of repairing directories and extended attributes will be discussed +in a subsequent section about atomic extent swapping. +However, it should be noted that these repair functions only use blob storage +to cache a small number of entries before adding them to a temporary ondisk +file, which is why compaction is not required. + +The proposed patchset is at the start of the +`extended attribute repair +<https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/djwong/xfs-linux.git/log/?h=repair-xattrs>`_ series. + +.. _xfbtree: + +In-Memory B+Trees +````````````````` + +The chapter about :ref:`secondary metadata<secondary_metadata>` mentioned that +checking and repairing of secondary metadata commonly requires coordination +between a live metadata scan of the filesystem and writer threads that are +updating that metadata. +Keeping the scan data up to date requires requires the ability to propagate +metadata updates from the filesystem into the data being collected by the scan. +This *can* be done by appending concurrent updates into a separate log file and +applying them before writing the new metadata to disk, but this leads to +unbounded memory consumption if the rest of the system is very busy. +Another option is to skip the side-log and commit live updates from the +filesystem directly into the scan data, which trades more overhead for a lower +maximum memory requirement. +In both cases, the data structure holding the scan results must support indexed +access to perform well. + +Given that indexed lookups of scan data is required for both strategies, online +fsck employs the second strategy of committing live updates directly into +scan data. +Because xfarrays are not indexed and do not enforce record ordering, they +are not suitable for this task. +Conveniently, however, XFS has a library to create and maintain ordered reverse +mapping records: the existing rmap btree code! +If only there was a means to create one in memory. + +Recall that the :ref:`xfile <xfile>` abstraction represents memory pages as a +regular file, which means that the kernel can create byte or block addressable +virtual address spaces at will. +The XFS buffer cache specializes in abstracting IO to block-oriented address +spaces, which means that adaptation of the buffer cache to interface with +xfiles enables reuse of the entire btree library. +Btrees built atop an xfile are collectively known as ``xfbtrees``. +The next few sections describe how they actually work. + +The proposed patchset is the +`in-memory btree +<https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/djwong/xfs-linux.git/log/?h=in-memory-btrees>`_ +series. + +Using xfiles as a Buffer Cache Target +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Two modifications are necessary to support xfiles as a buffer cache target. +The first is to make it possible for the ``struct xfs_buftarg`` structure to +host the ``struct xfs_buf`` rhashtable, because normally those are held by a +per-AG structure. +The second change is to modify the buffer ``ioapply`` function to "read" cached +pages from the xfile and "write" cached pages back to the xfile. +Multiple access to individual buffers is controlled by the ``xfs_buf`` lock, +since the xfile does not provide any locking on its own. +With this adaptation in place, users of the xfile-backed buffer cache use +exactly the same APIs as users of the disk-backed buffer cache. +The separation between xfile and buffer cache implies higher memory usage since +they do not share pages, but this property could some day enable transactional +updates to an in-memory btree. +Today, however, it simply eliminates the need for new code. + +Space Management with an xfbtree +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Space management for an xfile is very simple -- each btree block is one memory +page in size. +These blocks use the same header format as an on-disk btree, but the in-memory +block verifiers ignore the checksums, assuming that xfile memory is no more +corruption-prone than regular DRAM. +Reusing existing code here is more important than absolute memory efficiency. + +The very first block of an xfile backing an xfbtree contains a header block. +The header describes the owner, height, and the block number of the root +xfbtree block. + +To allocate a btree block, use ``xfile_seek_data`` to find a gap in the file. +If there are no gaps, create one by extending the length of the xfile. +Preallocate space for the block with ``xfile_prealloc``, and hand back the +location. +To free an xfbtree block, use ``xfile_discard`` (which internally uses +``FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE``) to remove the memory page from the xfile. + +Populating an xfbtree +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +An online fsck function that wants to create an xfbtree should proceed as +follows: + +1. Call ``xfile_create`` to create an xfile. + +2. Call ``xfs_alloc_memory_buftarg`` to create a buffer cache target structure + pointing to the xfile. + +3. Pass the buffer cache target, buffer ops, and other information to + ``xfbtree_create`` to write an initial tree header and root block to the + xfile. + Each btree type should define a wrapper that passes necessary arguments to + the creation function. + For example, rmap btrees define ``xfs_rmapbt_mem_create`` to take care of + all the necessary details for callers. + A ``struct xfbtree`` object will be returned. + +4. Pass the xfbtree object to the btree cursor creation function for the + btree type. + Following the example above, ``xfs_rmapbt_mem_cursor`` takes care of this + for callers. + +5. Pass the btree cursor to the regular btree functions to make queries against + and to update the in-memory btree. + For example, a btree cursor for an rmap xfbtree can be passed to the + ``xfs_rmap_*`` functions just like any other btree cursor. + See the :ref:`next section<xfbtree_commit>` for information on dealing with + xfbtree updates that are logged to a transaction. + +6. When finished, delete the btree cursor, destroy the xfbtree object, free the + buffer target, and the destroy the xfile to release all resources. + +.. _xfbtree_commit: + +Committing Logged xfbtree Buffers +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Although it is a clever hack to reuse the rmap btree code to handle the staging +structure, the ephemeral nature of the in-memory btree block storage presents +some challenges of its own. +The XFS transaction manager must not commit buffer log items for buffers backed +by an xfile because the log format does not understand updates for devices +other than the data device. +An ephemeral xfbtree probably will not exist by the time the AIL checkpoints +log transactions back into the filesystem, and certainly won't exist during +log recovery. +For these reasons, any code updating an xfbtree in transaction context must +remove the buffer log items from the transaction and write the updates into the +backing xfile before committing or cancelling the transaction. + +The ``xfbtree_trans_commit`` and ``xfbtree_trans_cancel`` functions implement +this functionality as follows: + +1. Find each buffer log item whose buffer targets the xfile. + +2. Record the dirty/ordered status of the log item. + +3. Detach the log item from the buffer. + +4. Queue the buffer to a special delwri list. + +5. Clear the transaction dirty flag if the only dirty log items were the ones + that were detached in step 3. + +6. Submit the delwri list to commit the changes to the xfile, if the updates + are being committed. + +After removing xfile logged buffers from the transaction in this manner, the +transaction can be committed or cancelled.
