From: Dave Chinner <dchinner@xxxxxxxxxx>
We've recently seen a workload on XFS filesystems with a repeatable
deadlock between background writeback and a multi-process
application doing concurrent writes and fsyncs to a small range of a
file.
range_cyclic
writeback Process 1 Process 2
xfs_vm_writepages
write_cache_pages
writeback_index = 2
cycled = 0
....
find page 2 dirty
lock Page 2
->writepage
page 2 writeback
page 2 clean
page 2 added to bio
no more pages
write()
locks page 1
dirties page 1
locks page 2
dirties page 1
fsync()
....
xfs_vm_writepages
write_cache_pages
start index 0
find page 1 towrite
lock Page 1
->writepage
page 1 writeback
page 1 clean
page 1 added to bio
find page 2 towrite
lock Page 2
page 2 is writeback
<blocks>
write()
locks page 1
dirties page 1
fsync()
....
xfs_vm_writepages
write_cache_pages
start index 0
!done && !cycled
sets index to 0, restarts lookup
find page 1 dirty
find page 1 towrite
lock Page 1
page 1 is writeback
<blocks>
lock Page 1
<blocks>
DEADLOCK because:
- process 1 needs page 2 writeback to complete to make
enough progress to issue IO pending for page 1
- writeback needs page 1 writeback to complete so process 2
can progress and unlock the page it is blocked on, then it
can issue the IO pending for page 2
- process 2 can't make progress until process 1 issues IO
for page 1
The underlying cause of the problem here is that range_cyclic
writeback is processing pages in descending index order as we
hold higher index pages in a structure controlled from above
write_cache_pages(). The write_cache_pages() caller needs to
be able to submit these pages for IO before write_cache_pages
restarts writeback at mapping index 0 to avoid wcp inverting the
page lock/writeback wait order.
generic_writepages() is not susceptible to this bug as it has no
private context held across write_cache_pages() - filesystems using
this infrastructure always submit pages in ->writepage immediately
and so there is no problem with range_cyclic going back to mapping
index 0.
However:
mpage_writepages() has a private bio context,
exofs_writepages() has page_collect
fuse_writepages() has fuse_fill_wb_data
nfs_writepages() has nfs_pageio_descriptor
xfs_vm_writepages() has xfs_writepage_ctx
All of these ->writepages implementations can hold pages under
writeback in their private structures until write_cache_pages()
returns, and hence they are all susceptible to this deadlock.
Also worth noting is that ext4 has it's own bastardised version of
write_cache_pages() and so it /may/ have an equivalent deadlock. I
looked at the code long enough to understand that it has a similar
retry loop for range_cyclic writeback reaching the end of the file
and then promptly ran away before my eyes bled too much. I'll leave
it for the ext4 developers to determine if their code is actually
has this deadlock and how to fix it if it has.
There's a few ways I can see avoid this deadlock. There's probably
more, but these are the first I've though of:
1. get rid of range_cyclic altogether
2. range_cyclic always stops at EOF, and we start again from
writeback index 0 on the next call into write_cache_pages()
2a. wcp also returns EAGAIN to ->writepages implementations to
indicate range cyclic has hit EOF. writepages implementations can
then flush the current context and call wpc again to continue. i.e.
lift the retry into the ->writepages implementation
3. range_cyclic uses trylock_page() rather than lock_page(), and it
skips pages it can't lock without blocking. It will already do this
for pages under writeback, so this seems like a no-brainer
3a. all non-WB_SYNC_ALL writeback uses trylock_page() to avoid
blocking as per pages under writeback.
I don't think #1 is an option - range_cyclic prevents frequently
dirtied lower file offset from starving background writeback of rarely
touched higher file offsets.
#2 is simple, and I don't think it will have any impact on
performance as going back to the start of the file implies an
immediate seek. We'll have exactly the same number of seeks if we
switch writeback to another inode, and then come back to this one
later and restart from index 0.
#2a is pretty much "status quo without the deadlock". Moving the
retry loop up into the wcp caller means we can issue IO on the
pending pages before calling wcp again, and so avoid locking or
waiting on pages in the wrong order. I'm not convinced we need to do
this given that we get the same thing from #2 on the next writeback
call from the writeback infrastructure.
#3 is really just a band-aid - it doesn't fix the access/wait inversion
problem, just prevents it from becoming a deadlock situation. I'd
prefer we fix the inversion, not sweep it under the carpet like
this.
#3a is really an optimisation that just so happens to include the
band-aid fix of #3.
So I'm really tending towards #2 as the simplest way to fix this,
and that's what's the patch below implements.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
mm/page-writeback.c | 33 +++++++++++++++------------------
1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
diff --git a/mm/page-writeback.c b/mm/page-writeback.c
index 337c6afb3345..c10e70ed3515 100644
--- a/mm/page-writeback.c
+++ b/mm/page-writeback.c
@@ -2150,6 +2150,13 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(tag_pages_for_writeback);
* not miss some pages (e.g., because some other process has cleared TOWRITE
* tag we set). The rule we follow is that TOWRITE tag can be cleared only
* by the process clearing the DIRTY tag (and submitting the page for IO).
+ *
+ * To avoid deadlocks between range_cyclic writeback and callers that hold
+ * pages in PageWriteback to aggregate IO until write_cache_pages() returns,
+ * we do not loop back to the start of the file. Doing so causes a page
+ * lock/page writeback access order inversion - we should only ever lock
+ * multiple pages in ascending page->index order, and looping back to the start
+ * of the file violates that rule and causes deadlocks.
*/
int write_cache_pages(struct address_space *mapping,
struct writeback_control *wbc, writepage_t writepage,
@@ -2163,7 +2170,6 @@ int write_cache_pages(struct address_space *mapping,
pgoff_t index;
pgoff_t end; /* Inclusive */
pgoff_t done_index;
- int cycled;
int range_whole = 0;
int tag;
@@ -2171,23 +2177,17 @@ int write_cache_pages(struct address_space *mapping,
if (wbc->range_cyclic) {
writeback_index = mapping->writeback_index; /* prev offset */
index = writeback_index;
- if (index == 0)
- cycled = 1;
- else
- cycled = 0;
end = -1;
} else {
index = wbc->range_start >> PAGE_SHIFT;
end = wbc->range_end >> PAGE_SHIFT;
if (wbc->range_start == 0 && wbc->range_end == LLONG_MAX)
range_whole = 1;
- cycled = 1; /* ignore range_cyclic tests */
}
if (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL || wbc->tagged_writepages)
tag = PAGECACHE_TAG_TOWRITE;
else
tag = PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY;
-retry:
if (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL || wbc->tagged_writepages)
tag_pages_for_writeback(mapping, index, end);
done_index = index;
@@ -2273,17 +2273,14 @@ int write_cache_pages(struct address_space *mapping,
pagevec_release(&pvec);
cond_resched();
}
- if (!cycled && !done) {
- /*
- * range_cyclic:
- * We hit the last page and there is more work to be done: wrap
- * back to the start of the file
- */
- cycled = 1;
- index = 0;
- end = writeback_index - 1;
- goto retry;
- }
+
+ /*
+ * If we hit the last page and there is more work to be done: wrap
+ * back the index back to the start of the file for the next
+ * time we are called.
+ */
+ if (wbc->range_cyclic && !done)
+ done_index = 0;
if (wbc->range_cyclic || (range_whole && wbc->nr_to_write > 0))
mapping->writeback_index = done_index;
--
2.17.0
