I've been running some tests exercising the orphan_file code, and there are a number of failures: ext4/orphan_file: 512 tests, 3 failures, 25 skipped, 7325 seconds Failures: ext4/044 generic/475 generic/643 ext4/orphan_file_1k: 524 tests, 6 failures, 37 skipped, 8361 seconds Failures: ext4/033 ext4/044 ext4/045 generic/273 generic/476 generic/643 generic/643 is the iomap swap failure, and can be ignored. generic/475 is a pre-existing test flake that involves simulated disk failures, which we can also ignore in the context or orphan_file. However, ext4/044 is one that looks... interesting: root@kvm-xfstests:~# e2fsck -fn /dev/vdc e2fsck 1.46.4-orphan-file (22-Aug-2021) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information Orphan file (inode 12) block 0 is not clean. Clear? no Failed to initialize orphan file. Recreate? no This is highly reproducible, and involves using a file system config that is probably a little unusual: Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index orphan_file filetype sparse_super large_file (This was created using "mke2fs -t ext3 -O orphan_file".) The orphan_file_1k failures seem to involve running out of space in the orphan_file, and the fallback to using the old fashioned orphan list seems to return ENOSPC? For example, from ext4/045: +mkdir: No space left on device +Failed to create directories - 19679 ext4/045 creates a lot of directories when calls mkdir (ext4/045 tests creating more than 65000 subdirectories in a directory), and so this seems to be triggering a failure? - Ted