Hi Michael, thanks again for all the feedback. I've followed all your suggestions; again, please see the github repo for the latest version: https://github.com/andreas-gruenbacher/richacl On Sun, Feb 14, 2016 at 10:31 PM, Michael Kerrisk (man-pages) <mtk.manpages@xxxxxxxxx> wrote: > Hi Andreas, > > Here's a few more comments on the current richacl(7) page > that I fetched from the git repo. > >> .\" >> .\" RichACL Manual Pages >> .\" >> .\" Copyright (C) 2015,2016 Red Hat, Inc. >> .\" Written by Andreas Gruenbacher <agruenba@xxxxxxxxxx> >> .\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or >> .\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as >> .\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of >> .\" the License, or (at your option) any later version. >> .\" >> .\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code" >> .\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any >> .\" document formatting or typesetting system, including >> .\" intermediate and printed output. >> .\" >> .\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, >> .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of >> .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the >> .\" GNU General Public License for more details. >> .\" >> .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public >> .\" License along with this manual. If not, see >> .\" <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. >> .\" >> .de URL >> \\$2 \(laURL: \\$1 \(ra\\$3 >> .. >> .if \n[.g] .mso www.tmac >> .TH RICHACL 7 2015-09-01 "Linux" "Rich Access Control Lists" >> .SH NAME >> richacl \- Rich Access Control Lists >> .SH DESCRIPTION >> Rich Access Control Lists (RichACLs) are an extension of the POSIX file >> permission model (see >> .BR acl (5)) >> to support >> .URL https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5661.txt "NFSv4 Access Control Lists" >> on local and remote-mounted filesystems. > > Having read the following paragraph a number of times (and being > ignorant of NFS ACLs), I find that I'm none the wiser about what you are > trying to say. What does it mean to "apply a file mode to an... ACL"? > Likewise, how does "the file mode determine the values of the file > masks"? This isn't clear in the following paragraph, and doesn't seem to > be elborated in the rest of the page. Could you add some text somehwere > to explain these points? I've removed this paragraph and I've tried to explain what the masks do in the Structure of RichACLs section. >> RichACLs support file masks which can be used to apply a file mode to an existing >> NFSv4 ACL without destructive side effects: the file mode determines the values >> of the file masks; the file masks restrict the permissions granted by the NFSv4 >> ACL. When a less restrictive file mode is applied later, the file masks become >> less restrictive, and more of the original permissions can become effective. >> >> A RichACL can always be translated into an equivalent NFSv4 ACL which grants >> the same permissions. >> >> RichACLs can be enabled on supported filesystems. This disables POSIX Access > > I think it might be helpful here to list which filesystems so far > support RichACLs. > >> Control Lists; the two ACL models cannot coexist on the same filesystem. >> >> When used on a filesystem that does not support RichACLs, the >> .BR getrichacl (1) >> and >> .BR setrichacl (1) >> utilities will operate on the file permission bits instead: >> .BR getrichacl (1) >> will display the file permission bits as a RichACL; when a RichACL >> is set with >> .BR setrichacl (1) >> which can be represented exactly by the file permission bits, >> .BR setrichacl (1) >> will set the file permission bits instead. An attempt to set a RichACL that >> cannot be represented exactly by the file permission bits results in an error. >> >> .SS Structure of RichACLs >> >> RichACLs consist of a number of ACL entries, three file masks, and some flags >> specifying attributes of the ACL as whole (by contrast with the per-ACL-entry >> flags described below). > > Insert a blank line here, to start a new paragraph. > >> Each of the ACL entries allows or denies some permissions to a particular user, >> group, or special entity. Each entry consists of: > > In the previous line you write "entity". In the lines below you use > "identifier". The terminology switch is confusing. Use just one > term. > >> .IP \(bu 4 >> A tag which specifies the user (with prefix >> .B user: >> or >> .BR u: ), >> group (with prefix >> .B group: >> or >> .BR g: ), >> or special identifier the entry applies to. Special >> identifiers can be the file owner >> .RB ( owner@ ), >> the owning group >> .RB ( group@ ), >> or everyone >> .RB ( everyone@ ). >> .IP \(bu >> A set of permissions the entry allows or denies. >> .IP \(bu >> A set of flags that indicate whether the user or group identifier is mapped or >> unmapped, and whether the entry has been and can be inherited. >> .IP \(bu 4 >> A field indicating whether the entry allows or denies access. > > Does this field have a name? It would make dicussing it easier > to give it a name. That is, an ACL entry consists of four fields: > > * a tag > * permissions > * flags > * ??? ("type"?) > >> .PP >> The owner, group, and other file masks further control which permissions the >> ACL grants, subject to the >> .BR masked "\ (" m ) >> and >> .BR write_through "\ (" w ) >> ACL flags. >> >> Note that entries with the identifier >> .B everyone@ >> apply to all processes, whereas the \(lqother\(rq file permissions and >> \(lqother\(rq entries in POSIX ACLs apply to all processes which are not the >> owner, are not in the owning group, and do not match a user or group mentioned >> in the ACL. >> >> Unlike POSIX ACLs, RichACLs do not have separate \(lqaccess\(rq ACLs that >> define the access permissions and \(lqdefault\(rq ACLs that define the >> inheritable permissions. Instead, flags on each ACL entry determine whether >> the entry is effective during access checks and/or inheritable. >> >> >> .SS ACL flags >> >> The following flags on ACLs are defined: >> >> .RS >> .HP > > I don't think the heavy indentation here is helpful, and it narrors the > text considerably. I suggest replacing the preceding .RS+.HP with .TP, > and changing ewach .HP below to .TP, and remove the colon at the end of > each line that follows the .TP lines. That's what I thought too, and that's why I had ".RS 4" and ".HP 4" here originally. >> .BR masked "\ (" m ): >> When set, the file masks define upper limits on the permissions the ACL may >> grant. >> .HP >> .BR write_through "\ (" w ): >> When this flag and the >> .B masked >> flag are both set, the owner and other file masks define the actual permissions >> granted to the file owner and to others instead of an upper limit. > > There needs to be a statement here about what 'write_through' does if > 'masked' is not set. > >> .HP >> .BR auto_inherit "\ (" a ): >> Automatic Inheritance is enabled for the file the ACL is >> attached to. See >> .IR "Automatic Inheritance" . >> .HP >> .BR protected "\ (" p ): >> The ACL is protected from modification by Automatic >> Inheritance. >> .HP >> .BR defaulted "\ (" d ): >> The ACL has been assigned by default. Automatic Inheritance should completely > > What does "assigned by default" mean? That it was inherited because of > 'dir_inherit' or 'file_inherit' in the pareent directory? This needs to > be clearer. > > >> replace the ACL. >> .RE > > If you follow my suggestion above, delete the preceding .RE > >> .SS ACL entry flags >> >> The following flags on ACL entries are defined: >> >> .RS >> .HP > > See above. Possibly change .RS+.HP to .TP > >> .BR file_inherit "\ (" f ): >> The entry is inheritable for files. > > Maybe this would be better as: > > "When this flag appears in the ACL entry of a directory, then that entry is > inherited by new files created in the directory." > > Is that text that I propose correct? > >> .HP >> .BR dir_inherit "\ (" d ): >> The entry is inheritable for directories. > > "When this flag appears in the ACL entry of a directory, then that entry is > inherited by new subdirectories created in the directory." > > Is that text that I propose correct? It's not entirely wrong, but only a small part of the truth. Entries are inherited such that the permissions in file_inherit entries become effective for access checking for new files, and the permissions in dir_inherit entries become effective for access checking for new directories, recursively. Your feedback prompted me to look into the inheritance flag computation more closely once again, and I found bugs. The steps of the algorithm are explained in the section "Permissions at file-creation time", by the way. >> .HP >> .BR no_propagate "\ (" n ): >> Inheritance stops at the next subdirectory level. >> .HP >> .BR inherit_only "\ (" i ): >> The entry defines inheritable permissions only and is ignored for access >> checking. >> .HP >> .BR inherited "\ (" a ): >> The entry has been automatically inherited from the parent directory; the >> ACL's >> .B auto_inherit >> flag should be on. >> .HP >> .BR unmapped "\ (" u ): >> The user or group identifier is a textual string and is not mapped to a numeric >> user or group identifier. ACLs with unmapped identifiers can occur on NFSv4 >> mounted filesystems when the client cannot determine numeric user or group >> identifiers for some of the NFSv4 user@domain or group@domain who values. They >> cannot be assigned to local files or directories. >> .RE > > If you follow my suggestion above, delete the preceding .RE > >> >> .SS Permissions >> >> The following permissions are defined for RichACL entries and for the three >> file masks: >> >> .RS >> .HP > > See above. Possibly change .RS+.HP yo .TP > >> .BR read_data " / " list_directory "\ (" r ): >> For a file: read the data of the file. >> For a directory: list the contents of the directory. >> .HP >> .BR write_data " / " add_file "\ (" w ): >> For a file: modify the data of the file; does not include opening the file in >> append mode. >> For a directory: add a new file in the directory. >> .HP >> .BR append_data " / " add_subdirectory "\ (" p ): >> For a file: open the file in append mode. >> For a directory: create a subdirectory in the directory. >> .HP >> .BR execute "\ (" x ): >> For a file: execute the file. >> For a directory: traverse / search the directory. >> .HP >> .BR delete_child "\ (" d ): >> Delete a file or directory within a directory. >> .HP >> .BR delete "\ (" D ): >> Delete the file or directory. >> .HP >> .BR read_attributes "\ (" a ): >> Read basic attributes of a file or directory (see >> .BR stat (2)). >> This permission is always implicitly granted. > > So, can this permission ever be taken away? If yes, say so. If not, why > does this permission exist? (And maybe say something about that.) > >> .HP >> .BR write_attributes "\ (" A ): >> Change the times associated with a file or directory to an arbitrary value. >> This permission is always implicitly granted to the file owner. >> .HP >> .BR read_acl "\ (" c ): >> Read the ACL of a file or directory. This permission is always >> implicitly granted. >> .HP >> .BR write_acl "\ (" C ): >> Change the ACL or file mode of a file or directory. >> .HP >> .BR write_owner "\ (" o ): >> Take ownership of a file or directory. Change the owning group of a file or >> directory to a group of which the calling process is a member. >> .HP >> .BR read_named_attrs "\ (" R ), >> .BR write_named_attrs "\ (" W ), >> .BR synchronize "\ (" S ), >> .BR write_retention "\ (" e ), >> .BR write_retention_hold "\ (" E ): > > If you follow my .TP suggestion above, then the above lines would need > to be rewritten sometinh like: > > .BR read_named_attrs "\ (" R "), " write_named_attrs "\ (" W "), " \ > synchronize "\ (" S "), " write_retention "\ (" e "), " \ > write_retention_hold "\ (" E ) > >> These permissions are defined by NFSv4 / NFSv4.1. They can be stored, but are >> not used. >> .RE > > If you follow my suggestion above, delete the preceding .RE and > add .PP > >> >> For the >> .BR r ", " w ", and " p >> permissions which have different long forms for files and directories, the >> .BR getrichacl (1) >> utility will output the appropriate form(s) depending on the context. >> The >> .BR setrichacl (1) >> utility will accept either form for any file type. >> >> .SS Text form >> The common textual representation of a RichACL consists of the colon-separated >> fields of the the ACL flags, file masks, and ACL entries in the following > > s/the the/the/ > >> format: >> .TP >> \fBflags:\fR\fIacl_flags\fR >> The ACL flags. >> .TP >> \fBowner:\fR\fIperm\fR\fB::mask\fR, \fBgroup:\fR\fIperm\fR\fB::mask\fR, \fBother:\fR\fIperm\fR\fB::mask\fR >> The file masks and their permissions. >> .TP >> \fIwho\fR\fB:\fR\fIperm\fR\fB:\fR\fIflags\fR\fB:allow\fR, \fIwho\fR\fB:\fR\fIperm\fR\fB:\fR\fIflags\fR\fB:deny\fR >> For each ACL entry, who the entry applies to, the permissions of the entry, the >> entry flags, and whether the entry allows or denies permissions. The \fIwho\fR >> field has no prefix for special identifiers, a >> .B user: >> or >> .B u: >> prefix for regular users, and a >> .B group: >> or >> .B g: >> prefix for regular groups. > > I think the preceding sentence could be clearer. How about something > like the following (if correct): > > [[ > The who field is one of the following: > > * One of the special identifiers: owner@, group@, or everyone@ > * A user: or u: prefix followed by a [user name, user ID?] that designates > s specific user > * A group: or g: prefix followed by a [group name, group ID?] that designates > s specific group > ]] > >> .PP >> The entries are comma, whitespace, or newline separated. >> >> Flags and permissions have single-letter as well as long forms, as listed under >> .IR "ACL flags" , >> .IR "ACL entry flags" , >> and >> .IR Permissions . >> When the single-letter forms are used, the flags or permissions are >> concatenated. When the long forms are used, the flags or permissions are >> separated by slashes. To align permissions or flags vertically, dashes can be >> used for padding. >> >> .SS Setting and modifying file permissions >> The access permissions for a file can either be set by assigning an access >> control list >> .RB ( setrichacl (1)) >> or by changing the file mode permission bits >> .RB ( chmod (1)). >> In addition, a file can inherit an ACL from its parent directory at creation >> time as described under >> .IR "Permissions at file-creation time" . >> >> .SS Assigning an Access Control List >> When assigning an ACL to a file, unless explicitly specified, the owner, group, >> and other file masks will be computed from the ACL entries as described in >> the section >> .IR "Computing the maximum file masks" . >> The owner, group, and other file mode permission bits are then each set from >> the owner, group, and other file mask as follows: >> .IP \(bu 4 >> If the file mask includes the >> .B r >> permission, the read >> file mode permission bit will be set. >> .IP \(bu >> If the file mask includes the >> .B w >> or >> .B p >> permission, the write file mode permission bit will be set. >> .IP \(bu >> If the file mask includes the >> .B x >> permission, the execute file mode permission bit will be set. >> .PP >> If the ACL can be represented exactly by the file mode >> permission bits, the file permission bits are set to match the ACL and the ACL >> is not stored. (When the ACL of a file is requested which doesn't have an ACL, >> the file mode permission bits are converted into an equivalent ACL.) >> >> .SS Changing the file mode permission bits >> When changing the file mode permission bits with >> .BR chmod (1), >> the owner, group, >> and other file permission bits are set to the permission bits in the new mode, >> and the file masks each are set based on the new mode bits as follows: >> .IP \(bu 4 >> If the read bit in a set of permissions is set, the >> .B r >> permission in the corresponding file mask will be set. >> .IP \(bu >> If the write bit in a set of permissions is set, the >> .B w >> and >> .B p >> permissions in the corresponding file mask will be set. >> .IP \(bu >> If the execute bit in a set of permissions is set, the >> .B x >> permission in the corresponding file mask will be set. >> .PP >> In addition, the >> .B masked >> and >> .B write_through >> ACL flags are set. This has the >> effect of limiting the permissions granted by the ACL to the file mode >> permission bits; in addition, the owner is granted the owner mode bits and >> others are granted the other mode bits. If the >> .B auto_inherit >> flag is set, the >> .B protected >> flag is also set to prevent the Automatic Inheritance algorithm from modifying >> the ACL. >> >> .SS Permissions at file-creation time >> When a directory has inheritable ACL entries, the following >> happens when a file or directory is created inside that directory: >> .RS 4 >> .IP 1. 4 >> A file created inside that directory will inherit all of the ACL entries that >> have the >> .B file_inherit >> flag set, and all inheritance-related flags in the inherited entries will be >> cleared. >> >> A subdirectory created inside that directory will inherit all of the ACL >> entries that have the >> .B file_inherit >> or >> .B dir_inherit >> flag set. Entries whose >> .B no_propagate >> flag is set will have all inheritance-related flags cleared. Entries whose >> .B no_propagate >> and >> .B dir_inherit >> flags are not set and whose >> .B file_inherit >> is set will have their >> .B inherit_only >> flag set. >> .IP 2. >> If the parent directory's ACL has the >> .B auto_inherit >> flag set, the inherited ACL will have its >> .B auto_inherit >> flag set, and all entries will have their >> .B inherited >> flag set. >> .IP 3. >> The three file masks are computed from the inherited ACL as described in >> the section >> .IR "Computing the maximum file masks" . >> .IP 4. >> The three sets of permissions for the owner, the group, and for others in >> the \fImode\fR parameter as given to >> .BR open (2), >> .BR mkdir (2), >> and similar are converted into sets of RichACL permissions as described in >> the section >> .IR "Changing the file mode permission bits" . >> Any RichACL permissions not included in those sets are >> removed from the owner, group, and other file masks. The file mode permission >> bits are then computed from the file masks as described in the section >> .IR "Assigning an Access Control List" . >> The process umask (see >> .BR umask (2)) >> is ignored. >> .IP 5. >> The >> .B masked >> ACL flag is set. The >> .B write_through >> ACL flag remains cleared. In addition, if the >> .B auto_inherit >> flag of the inherited ACL is set, the >> .B protected >> flag is also set to prevent the Automatic Inheritance algorithm from modifying >> the ACL. >> .RE >> .PP >> When a directory does not have inheritable ACL entries, files and directories >> created inside that directory will not be assigned access control lists and the >> file mode permission bits will be set to (\fImode\fR\ &\ ~\fIumask\fR) where >> \fImode\fR is the mode argument of the relevant system call and \fIumask\fR is >> the process umask (see >> .BR umask (2)). >> >> .SS Automatic Inheritance >> Automatic Inheritance is a mechanism that allows permission changes to >> propagate from a directory to files and subdirectories inside that directory, >> recursively. Propagation is carried out by the process changing the directory >> permissions (usually, >> .BR setrichacl (1)); >> it happens without user intervention albeit not entirely automatically. >> >> A significant limitation is that this mechanism works only as long as files >> are created without explicitly specifying the file permissions to use. The >> standard system calls for creating files an directories ( > > s/an /and / > s/ ($// > >> .BR creat (2), > > Make that last line: > > .RM ( creat (2), > >> .BR open (2), >> .BR mkdir (2), >> .BR mknod (2)) >> all have mandatory mode parameters which define the maximum allowed permissions >> of the new files. To take account of this restriction, the >> .B protected >> ACL flag must be set if the >> .B inherited >> flag is set. This effectively disables Automatic Inheritance for that >> particular file. >> >> Automatic Inheritance still remains useful for network protocols like NFSv4 and >> SMB, which both support creating files and directories without defining which > > s/which$/their/ > >> permissions: they can implement those operations by using the standard system >> calls and by then undoing the effect of applying the mode parameters. >> >> When the ACL of a directory is changed, the following happens for each entry >> (\(lqchild\(rq) inside that directory: >> .IP 1. 4 >> If the entry is a symblic link, skip the child. >> .IP 2. >> If the >> .B auto_inherit >> flag of the entry's ACL is not set or the >> .B protected >> flag is set, skip the child. >> .IP 3. >> With the child's ACL: >> .RS 4 >> .IP a) 4 >> If the >> .B defaulted >> flag is set, replace the ACL with an empty ACL >> with the >> .B auto_inherit >> flag set. >> .IP b) >> Delete all entries which have the >> .B inherited >> flag set. >> .IP c) >> Append all entries inherited from the parent directory according to step 1 of >> the algorithm described under >> .IR "Permissions at file-creation time". >> Set the >> .B inherited >> flag of each of these entries. >> .IP d) >> Recompute the file masks. >> .RE >> .IP 4. >> If the child is a directory, recursively apply this algorithm. >> >> .SS Access check algorithm >> >> When a process requests a particular kind of access (expressed as a set of >> RichACL permissions) to a file, the following algorithm determines whether the >> access is granted or denied: >> >> .IP 1. 4 >> If the >> .B masked >> ACL flag is set, then: >> .RS 4 >> .IP a) 4 >> If the >> .B write_through >> ACL flag is set, then: >> .RS 4 >> .IP \(bu 4 >> If the requesting process is the file owner, then access is granted if the >> owner mask includes the requested permissions, and is otherwise denied. >> .IP \(bu >> If the requesting process is not the file owner, is not in the owning group, >> and no ACL entries other than >> .B everyone@ >> match the process, then access is granted if the other mask includes the >> requested permissions, and is otherwise denied. >> .RE >> .IP b) >> If any of the following is true: >> .RS 4 >> .IP \(bu 4 >> the requesting process is the file owner and the owner mask does not include all >> requested permissions, >> .IP \(bu 4 >> the requesting process is not the file owner and it is in the owning group or >> matches any ACL entries other than >> .BR everyone@ , >> and the group mask does not include all requested permissions, >> .IP \(bu 4 >> the requesting process is not the file owner, not in the owning group, it >> matches no ACL entries other than >> .BR everyone@ , >> and the other mask does not include all requested permissions, >> .PP >> then access is denied. >> .RE >> .RE >> .IP 2. >> Set the remaining permissions to the requested permissions. Go through all ACL >> entries. For each entry: >> .RS 4 >> .IP a) 4 >> If the >> .B inherit_only >> or >> .B unmapped >> flags are set, continue with the next ACL entry. >> .IP b) >> If any of the following is true: >> .RS 4 >> .IP \(bu 4 >> the entry's identifier is >> .B owner@ >> and the requesting process is the file owner, >> .IP \(bu >> the entry's identifier is >> .B group@ >> and the requesting process is in the owning group, >> .IP \(bu >> the entry's identifier is a user and the requesting process is owned by that >> user, >> .IP \(bu >> the entry's identifier is a group and the requesting process is a member in >> that group, >> .IP \(bu >> the entry's identifier is >> .BR everyone@ , >> .PP >> then the entry matches the process; proceed to the next step. Otherwise, >> continue with the next ACL entry. >> .RE >> .IP c) >> If the entry denies any of the remaining permissions, access is denied. >> .IP d) >> If the entry allows any of the remaining permissions, then: >> .RS 4 >> .IP \(bu 4 >> If the >> .B masked >> ACL flag is set and the entry's identifier is not >> .B owner@ >> or >> .BR everyone@ >> or is a user entry matching the file owner, remove all permissions from the >> remaining permissions which are both allowed by the entry and included in the >> group mask, >> .IP \(bu >> Otherwise, remove all permissions from the remaining permissions wich are >> allowed by the entry. >> .RE >> .RE >> .IP 3. >> If there are no more remaining permissions, access is allowed. Otherwise, >> access is denied. >> >> .SS Computing the maximum file masks >> When setting an ACL and no file masks have been explicitly specified and when >> inheriting an ACL from the parent directory, the following algorithm is used >> for computing the file masks: >> >> .IP 1. 4 >> Clear the owner, group, and other file masks. Remember which permissions have >> already been processed (initially, the empty set). >> .IP 2. >> For each ACL entry: >> .RS 4 >> .IP \(bu 4 >> If the >> .B inherit_only >> flag is set, skip the entry. >> .IP \(bu 4 >> Otherwise, compute which permissions the entry allows or denies that have not >> been processed yet (the remaining permissions). >> .IP \(bu >> If the entry is an >> .B owner@ >> entry, add the remaining permissions to the owner mask for >> .B allow >> entries, and remove the remaining permissions from the owner mask for >> .B deny >> entries. >> .IP \(bu >> Otherwise, if the entry is an >> .B everyone@ >> entry, proceed as with >> .B owner@ >> entries but add or remove the remaining permissions from the owner, group, and >> other file masks. >> .IP \(bu >> Otherwise, proceed as with >> .B owner@ >> entries but add or remove the remaining permissions from the owner and group >> file masks. >> .IP \(bu >> Add the entry's permissions to the processed permissions. >> .RE >> .PP >> The resulting file masks represent the ACL as closely as possible. With these >> file masks, if the >> .B masked >> ACL flag is set, the effective permissions still stay the same. >> >> .\" .SH BUGS >> .SH AUTHOR >> Written by Andreas Grünbacher <agruenba@xxxxxxxxxx>. >> >> Please send your bug reports, suggested features and comments to the above address. > > Could we start with just a few simple examples already, and build up > over future iterations of this page? > >> .SH CONFORMING TO >> Rich Access Control Lists are Linux-specific. >> .SH SEE ALSO >> .BR acl (5), >> .BR chmod (1), >> .BR getrichacl (1), >> .BR ls (1), >> .BR setrichacl (1) >> .BR stat (2), >> .BR umask (2) >> .\" librichacl Thanks, Andreas -- To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-ext4" in the body of a message to majordomo@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html
