[PATCH 27/54] e2fsck: rebuild sparse extent trees/convert non-extent ext3 files

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Teach e2fsck to (re)construct extent trees.  This enables us to do
either of the following: compress a highly sparse extent tree into
fewer ETB blocks; or convert a ext3-style block mapped file to an
extent file.  The reconstruction is performed during pass 1E or 3A,
as detailed below.

For files that are already extent based, this algorithm will
automatically run (pending user approval) if pass1 determines either
(1) that a whole level of extent tree will fit into a higher level of
the tree; (2) that the size of any level can be reduced by at least
one ETB block; or (3) the extent tree is unnecessarily deep.  It will
not run at all if errors are found and the user declines to fix the
errors.

The option "-E bmap2extent" can be used to force e2fsck to convert all
block map files to extent trees, and to rebuild all extent files'
extent trees.  After conversion, files larger than 12 blocks should be
defragmented to eliminate empty holes where a block lives.

The extent tree constructor is pretty dumb -- it creates a list of
leaf extents (adjacent extents are collapsed), marks all indirect
blocks / ETB blocks free, installs a new extent tree root in the
inode, then loads the leaf extents into the tree.

v2: Account for extent tree block slack that we create when splitting
a block, so that we don't repeatedly annoy the user to rebuild a tree
that we can't optimize further.

v3: For any directory being rebuilt during pass 3A, defer any extent
tree rebuilding until after the rehash.  It's quite possible that the
act of compressing an aged directory will cause it to shrink far
enough to enable us to knock a level off the dir's extent tree.

Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
 e2fsck/Makefile.in                     |   16 +
 e2fsck/e2fsck.8.in                     |    3 
 e2fsck/e2fsck.c                        |    4 
 e2fsck/e2fsck.h                        |   35 ++
 e2fsck/extents.c                       |  532 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 e2fsck/pass1.c                         |   62 ++++
 e2fsck/problem.c                       |   48 +++
 e2fsck/problem.h                       |   33 ++
 e2fsck/rehash.c                        |   27 +-
 e2fsck/super.c                         |    7 
 e2fsck/unix.c                          |    4 
 tests/f_extent_bad_node/expect.1       |   11 -
 tests/f_extent_bad_node/expect.2       |    2 
 tests/f_extent_int_bad_magic/expect.1  |    5 
 tests/f_extent_leaf_bad_magic/expect.1 |    5 
 tests/f_extent_oobounds/expect.1       |   11 -
 tests/f_extent_oobounds/expect.2       |    2 
 tests/f_extents/expect.1               |    9 +
 18 files changed, 789 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 e2fsck/extents.c


diff --git a/e2fsck/Makefile.in b/e2fsck/Makefile.in
index e40e51b..a4413d9 100644
--- a/e2fsck/Makefile.in
+++ b/e2fsck/Makefile.in
@@ -62,7 +62,8 @@ OBJS= dict.o unix.o e2fsck.o super.o pass1.o pass1b.o pass2.o \
 	pass3.o pass4.o pass5.o journal.o badblocks.o util.o dirinfo.o \
 	dx_dirinfo.o ehandler.o problem.o message.o quota.o recovery.o \
 	region.o revoke.o ea_refcount.o rehash.o profile.o prof_err.o \
-	logfile.o sigcatcher.o $(MTRACE_OBJ) plausible.o readahead.o
+	logfile.o sigcatcher.o $(MTRACE_OBJ) plausible.o readahead.o \
+	extents.o
 
 PROFILED_OBJS= profiled/dict.o profiled/unix.o profiled/e2fsck.o \
 	profiled/super.o profiled/pass1.o profiled/pass1b.o \
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ PROFILED_OBJS= profiled/dict.o profiled/unix.o profiled/e2fsck.o \
 	profiled/ea_refcount.o profiled/rehash.o profiled/profile.o \
 	profiled/prof_err.o profiled/logfile.o \
 	profiled/sigcatcher.o profiled/plausible.o \
-	profiled/sigcatcher.o profiled/readahead.o
+	profiled/sigcatcher.o profiled/readahead.o profiled/extents.o
 
 SRCS= $(srcdir)/e2fsck.c \
 	$(srcdir)/dict.c \
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@ SRCS= $(srcdir)/e2fsck.c \
 	prof_err.c \
 	$(srcdir)/quota.c \
 	$(srcdir)/../misc/plausible.c \
+	$(srcdir)/extents.c \
 	$(MTRACE_SRC)
 
 all:: profiled $(PROGS) e2fsck $(MANPAGES) $(FMANPAGES)
@@ -308,6 +310,16 @@ pass1.o: $(srcdir)/pass1.c $(top_builddir)/lib/config.h \
  $(srcdir)/profile.h prof_err.h $(top_srcdir)/lib/quota/quotaio.h \
  $(top_srcdir)/lib/quota/dqblk_v2.h $(top_srcdir)/lib/quota/quotaio_tree.h \
  $(top_srcdir)/lib/../e2fsck/dict.h $(srcdir)/problem.h
+extents.o: $(srcdir)/extents.c $(top_builddir)/lib/config.h \
+ $(top_builddir)/lib/dirpaths.h $(top_srcdir)/lib/et/com_err.h \
+ $(srcdir)/e2fsck.h $(top_srcdir)/lib/ext2fs/ext2_fs.h \
+ $(top_builddir)/lib/ext2fs/ext2_types.h $(top_srcdir)/lib/ext2fs/ext2fs.h \
+ $(top_srcdir)/lib/ext2fs/ext3_extents.h $(top_srcdir)/lib/ext2fs/ext2_io.h \
+ $(top_builddir)/lib/ext2fs/ext2_err.h \
+ $(top_srcdir)/lib/ext2fs/ext2_ext_attr.h $(top_srcdir)/lib/ext2fs/bitops.h \
+ $(srcdir)/profile.h prof_err.h $(top_srcdir)/lib/quota/quotaio.h \
+ $(top_srcdir)/lib/quota/dqblk_v2.h $(top_srcdir)/lib/quota/quotaio_tree.h \
+ $(top_srcdir)/lib/../e2fsck/dict.h $(srcdir)/problem.h $(srcdir)/dict.h
 pass1b.o: $(srcdir)/pass1b.c $(top_builddir)/lib/config.h \
  $(top_builddir)/lib/dirpaths.h $(top_srcdir)/lib/et/com_err.h \
  $(srcdir)/e2fsck.h $(top_srcdir)/lib/ext2fs/ext2_fs.h \
diff --git a/e2fsck/e2fsck.8.in b/e2fsck/e2fsck.8.in
index 270727a..6e6a2cd 100644
--- a/e2fsck/e2fsck.8.in
+++ b/e2fsck/e2fsck.8.in
@@ -227,6 +227,9 @@ e2fsck runtime.  By default, this is set to the size of two block groups' inode
 tables (typically 4MiB on a regular ext4 filesystem); if this amount is more
 than 1/50th of total physical memory, readahead is disabled.  Set this to zero
 to disable readahead entirely.
+.TP
+.BI bmap2extent
+Convert block-mapped files to extent-mapped files.
 .RE
 .TP
 .B \-f
diff --git a/e2fsck/e2fsck.c b/e2fsck/e2fsck.c
index 7483072..8a7b041 100644
--- a/e2fsck/e2fsck.c
+++ b/e2fsck/e2fsck.c
@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ void e2fsck_free_context(e2fsck_t ctx)
 typedef void (*pass_t)(e2fsck_t ctx);
 
 static pass_t e2fsck_passes[] = {
-	e2fsck_pass1, e2fsck_pass2, e2fsck_pass3, e2fsck_pass4,
-	e2fsck_pass5, 0 };
+	e2fsck_pass1, e2fsck_pass1e, e2fsck_pass2, e2fsck_pass3,
+	e2fsck_pass4, e2fsck_pass5, 0 };
 
 #define E2F_FLAG_RUN_RETURN	(E2F_FLAG_SIGNAL_MASK|E2F_FLAG_RESTART)
 
diff --git a/e2fsck/e2fsck.h b/e2fsck/e2fsck.h
index 33dbcad..15d968e 100644
--- a/e2fsck/e2fsck.h
+++ b/e2fsck/e2fsck.h
@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ struct resource_track {
 #define E2F_OPT_FRAGCHECK	0x0800
 #define E2F_OPT_JOURNAL_ONLY	0x1000 /* only replay the journal */
 #define E2F_OPT_DISCARD		0x2000
+#define E2F_OPT_CONVERT_BMAP	0x4000 /* convert blockmap to extent */
 
 /*
  * E2fsck flags
@@ -190,6 +191,7 @@ struct resource_track {
 #define E2F_FLAG_EXITING	0x1000 /* E2fsck exiting due to errors */
 #define E2F_FLAG_TIME_INSANE	0x2000 /* Time is insane */
 #define E2F_FLAG_PROBLEMS_FIXED	0x4000 /* At least one problem was fixed */
+#define E2F_FLAG_ALLOC_OK	0x8000 /* Can we allocate blocks? */
 
 #define E2F_RESET_FLAGS (E2F_FLAG_TIME_INSANE | E2F_FLAG_PROBLEMS_FIXED)
 
@@ -381,6 +383,23 @@ struct e2fsck_struct {
 
 	/* How much are we allowed to readahead? */
 	unsigned long long readahead_kb;
+
+	/*
+	 * Inodes to rebuild extent trees
+	 */
+	ext2fs_inode_bitmap inodes_to_rebuild;
+};
+
+/* Data structures to evaluate whether an extent tree needs rebuilding. */
+struct extent_tree_level {
+	unsigned int	num_extents;
+	unsigned int	max_extents;
+};
+
+struct extent_tree_info {
+	int force_rebuild:1;
+	ext2_ino_t ino;
+	struct extent_tree_level	ext_info[MAX_EXTENT_DEPTH_COUNT];
 };
 
 /* Used by the region allocation code */
@@ -456,6 +475,19 @@ extern blk64_t ea_refcount_intr_next(ext2_refcount_t refcount, int *ret);
 extern const char *ehandler_operation(const char *op);
 extern void ehandler_init(io_channel channel);
 
+/* extents.c */
+struct problem_context;
+errcode_t e2fsck_rebuild_extents_later(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino);
+int e2fsck_ino_will_be_rebuilt(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino);
+void e2fsck_pass1e(e2fsck_t ctx);
+errcode_t e2fsck_check_rebuild_extents(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino,
+				       struct ext2_inode *inode,
+				       struct problem_context *pctx);
+errcode_t e2fsck_should_rebuild_extents(e2fsck_t ctx,
+					struct problem_context *pctx,
+					struct extent_tree_info *eti,
+					struct ext2_extent_info *info);
+
 /* journal.c */
 extern errcode_t e2fsck_check_ext3_journal(e2fsck_t ctx);
 extern errcode_t e2fsck_run_ext3_journal(e2fsck_t ctx);
@@ -519,7 +551,8 @@ extern int region_allocate(region_t region, region_addr_t start, int n);
 /* rehash.c */
 void e2fsck_rehash_dir_later(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino);
 int e2fsck_dir_will_be_rehashed(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino);
-errcode_t e2fsck_rehash_dir(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino);
+errcode_t e2fsck_rehash_dir(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino,
+			    struct problem_context *pctx);
 void e2fsck_rehash_directories(e2fsck_t ctx);
 
 /* sigcatcher.c */
diff --git a/e2fsck/extents.c b/e2fsck/extents.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c2ae42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2fsck/extents.c
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+/*
+ * extents.c --- rebuild extent tree
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 Oracle.
+ *
+ * %Begin-Header%
+ * This file may be redistributed under the terms of the GNU Public
+ * License, version 2.
+ * %End-Header%
+ */
+
+#include "config.h"
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include "e2fsck.h"
+#include "problem.h"
+
+#undef DEBUG
+#undef DEBUG_SUMMARY
+#undef DEBUG_FREE
+
+#define NUM_EXTENTS	341	/* about one ETB' worth of extents */
+
+static errcode_t e2fsck_rebuild_extents(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino);
+
+/* Schedule an inode to have its extent tree rebuilt during pass 1E. */
+errcode_t e2fsck_rebuild_extents_later(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino)
+{
+	if (!EXT2_HAS_INCOMPAT_FEATURE(ctx->fs->super,
+				       EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS) ||
+	    (ctx->options & E2F_OPT_NO) ||
+	    (ino != EXT2_ROOT_INO && ino < ctx->fs->super->s_first_ino))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (ctx->flags & E2F_FLAG_ALLOC_OK)
+		return e2fsck_rebuild_extents(ctx, ino);
+
+	if (!ctx->inodes_to_rebuild)
+		e2fsck_allocate_inode_bitmap(ctx->fs,
+					     _("extent rebuild inode map"),
+					     EXT2FS_BMAP64_RBTREE,
+					     "inodes_to_rebuild",
+					     &ctx->inodes_to_rebuild);
+	if (ctx->inodes_to_rebuild)
+		ext2fs_mark_inode_bitmap2(ctx->inodes_to_rebuild, ino);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* Ask if an inode will have its extents rebuilt during pass 1E. */
+int e2fsck_ino_will_be_rebuilt(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino)
+{
+	if (!ctx->inodes_to_rebuild)
+		return 0;
+	return ext2fs_test_inode_bitmap2(ctx->inodes_to_rebuild, ino);
+}
+
+struct extent_list {
+	blk64_t blocks_freed;
+	struct ext2fs_extent *extents;
+	unsigned int count;
+	unsigned int size;
+	unsigned int ext_read;
+	errcode_t retval;
+	ext2_ino_t ino;
+};
+
+static errcode_t load_extents(e2fsck_t ctx, struct extent_list *list)
+{
+	ext2_filsys		fs = ctx->fs;
+	ext2_extent_handle_t	handle;
+	struct ext2fs_extent	extent;
+	errcode_t		retval;
+
+	retval = ext2fs_extent_open(fs, list->ino, &handle);
+	if (retval)
+		return retval;
+
+	retval = ext2fs_extent_get(handle, EXT2_EXTENT_ROOT, &extent);
+	if (retval)
+		goto out;
+
+	do {
+		if (extent.e_flags & EXT2_EXTENT_FLAGS_SECOND_VISIT)
+			goto next;
+
+		/* Internal node; free it and we'll re-allocate it later */
+		if (!(extent.e_flags & EXT2_EXTENT_FLAGS_LEAF)) {
+#if defined(DEBUG) || defined(DEBUG_FREE)
+			printf("ino=%d free=%llu bf=%llu\n", list->ino,
+					extent.e_pblk, list->blocks_freed + 1);
+#endif
+			list->blocks_freed++;
+			ext2fs_block_alloc_stats2(fs, extent.e_pblk, -1);
+			goto next;
+		}
+
+		list->ext_read++;
+		/* Can we attach it to the previous extent? */
+		if (list->count) {
+			struct ext2fs_extent *last = list->extents +
+						     list->count - 1;
+			blk64_t end = last->e_len + extent.e_len;
+
+			if (last->e_pblk + last->e_len == extent.e_pblk &&
+			    last->e_lblk + last->e_len == extent.e_lblk &&
+			    (last->e_flags & EXT2_EXTENT_FLAGS_UNINIT) ==
+			    (extent.e_flags & EXT2_EXTENT_FLAGS_UNINIT) &&
+			    end < (1ULL << 32)) {
+				last->e_len += extent.e_len;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+				printf("R: ino=%d len=%u\n", list->ino,
+						last->e_len);
+#endif
+				goto next;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* Do we need to expand? */
+		if (list->count == list->size) {
+			unsigned int new_size = (list->size + NUM_EXTENTS) *
+						sizeof(struct ext2fs_extent);
+			retval = ext2fs_resize_mem(0, new_size, &list->extents);
+			if (retval)
+				goto out;
+			list->size += NUM_EXTENTS;
+		}
+
+		/* Add a new extent */
+		memcpy(list->extents + list->count, &extent, sizeof(extent));
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		printf("R: ino=%d pblk=%llu lblk=%llu len=%u\n", list->ino,
+				extent.e_pblk, extent.e_lblk, extent.e_len);
+#endif
+		list->count++;
+next:
+		retval = ext2fs_extent_get(handle, EXT2_EXTENT_NEXT, &extent);
+	} while (retval == 0);
+
+out:
+	/* Ok if we run off the end */
+	if (retval == EXT2_ET_EXTENT_NO_NEXT)
+		retval = 0;
+	ext2fs_extent_free(handle);
+	return retval;
+}
+
+static int find_blocks(ext2_filsys fs, blk64_t *blocknr, e2_blkcnt_t blockcnt,
+		       blk64_t ref_blk, int ref_offset, void *priv_data)
+{
+	struct extent_list *list = priv_data;
+
+	/* Internal node? */
+	if (blockcnt < 0) {
+#if defined(DEBUG) || defined(DEBUG_FREE)
+		printf("ino=%d free=%llu bf=%llu\n", list->ino, *blocknr,
+				list->blocks_freed + 1);
+#endif
+		list->blocks_freed++;
+		ext2fs_block_alloc_stats2(fs, *blocknr, -1);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* Can we attach it to the previous extent? */
+	if (list->count) {
+		struct ext2fs_extent *last = list->extents +
+					     list->count - 1;
+		blk64_t end = last->e_len + 1;
+
+		if (last->e_pblk + last->e_len == *blocknr &&
+		    end < (1ULL << 32)) {
+			last->e_len++;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+			printf("R: ino=%d len=%u\n", list->ino, last->e_len);
+#endif
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Do we need to expand? */
+	if (list->count == list->size) {
+		unsigned int new_size = (list->size + NUM_EXTENTS) *
+					sizeof(struct ext2fs_extent);
+		list->retval = ext2fs_resize_mem(0, new_size, &list->extents);
+		if (list->retval)
+			return BLOCK_ABORT;
+		list->size += NUM_EXTENTS;
+	}
+
+	/* Add a new extent */
+	list->extents[list->count].e_pblk = *blocknr;
+	list->extents[list->count].e_lblk = blockcnt;
+	list->extents[list->count].e_len = 1;
+	list->extents[list->count].e_flags = 0;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	printf("R: ino=%d pblk=%llu lblk=%llu len=%u\n", list->ino, *blocknr,
+			blockcnt, 1);
+#endif
+	list->count++;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static errcode_t rebuild_extent_tree(e2fsck_t ctx, struct extent_list *list,
+				     ext2_ino_t ino)
+{
+	struct ext2_inode	inode;
+	errcode_t		retval;
+	ext2_extent_handle_t	handle;
+	unsigned int		i, ext_written;
+	struct ext2fs_extent	*ex, extent;
+
+	list->count = 0;
+	list->blocks_freed = 0;
+	list->ino = ino;
+	list->ext_read = 0;
+	e2fsck_read_inode(ctx, ino, &inode, "rebuild_extents");
+
+	/* Skip deleted inodes and inline data files */
+	if (inode.i_links_count == 0 ||
+	    inode.i_flags & EXT4_INLINE_DATA_FL)
+		return 0;
+
+	/* Collect lblk->pblk mappings */
+	if (inode.i_flags & EXT4_EXTENTS_FL) {
+		retval = load_extents(ctx, list);
+		goto extents_loaded;
+	}
+
+	retval = ext2fs_block_iterate3(ctx->fs, ino, BLOCK_FLAG_READ_ONLY, 0,
+				       find_blocks, list);
+	if (retval)
+		goto err;
+	if (list->retval) {
+		retval = list->retval;
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+extents_loaded:
+	/* Reset extent tree */
+	inode.i_flags &= ~EXT4_EXTENTS_FL;
+	memset(inode.i_block, 0, sizeof(inode.i_block));
+
+	/* Make a note of freed blocks */
+	retval = ext2fs_iblk_sub_blocks(ctx->fs, &inode, list->blocks_freed);
+	if (retval)
+		goto err;
+
+	/* Now stuff extents into the file */
+	retval = ext2fs_extent_open2(ctx->fs, ino, &inode, &handle);
+	if (retval)
+		goto err;
+
+	ext_written = 0;
+	for (i = 0, ex = list->extents; i < list->count; i++, ex++) {
+		memcpy(&extent, ex, sizeof(struct ext2fs_extent));
+		extent.e_flags &= EXT2_EXTENT_FLAGS_UNINIT;
+		if (extent.e_flags & EXT2_EXTENT_FLAGS_UNINIT) {
+			if (extent.e_len > EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN) {
+				extent.e_len = EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN;
+				ex->e_pblk += EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN;
+				ex->e_lblk += EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN;
+				ex->e_len -= EXT_UNINIT_MAX_LEN;
+				ex--;
+				i--;
+			}
+		} else {
+			if (extent.e_len > EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN) {
+				extent.e_len = EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN;
+				ex->e_pblk += EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN;
+				ex->e_lblk += EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN;
+				ex->e_len -= EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN;
+				ex--;
+				i--;
+			}
+		}
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+		printf("W: ino=%d pblk=%llu lblk=%llu len=%u\n", ino,
+				extent.e_pblk, extent.e_lblk, extent.e_len);
+#endif
+		retval = ext2fs_extent_insert(handle, EXT2_EXTENT_INSERT_AFTER,
+					      &extent);
+		if (retval)
+			goto err2;
+		retval = ext2fs_extent_fix_parents(handle);
+		if (retval)
+			goto err2;
+		ext_written++;
+	}
+
+#if defined(DEBUG) || defined(DEBUG_SUMMARY)
+	printf("rebuild: ino=%d extents=%d->%d\n", ino, list->ext_read,
+	       ext_written);
+#endif
+	e2fsck_write_inode(ctx, ino, &inode, "rebuild_extents");
+
+err2:
+	ext2fs_extent_free(handle);
+err:
+	return retval;
+}
+
+/* Rebuild the extents immediately */
+static errcode_t e2fsck_rebuild_extents(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino)
+{
+	struct extent_list	list;
+	errcode_t err;
+
+	if (!EXT2_HAS_INCOMPAT_FEATURE(ctx->fs->super,
+				       EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS) ||
+	    (ctx->options & E2F_OPT_NO) ||
+	    (ino != EXT2_ROOT_INO && ino < ctx->fs->super->s_first_ino))
+		return 0;
+
+	e2fsck_read_bitmaps(ctx);
+	memset(&list, 0, sizeof(list));
+	err = ext2fs_get_mem(sizeof(struct ext2fs_extent) * NUM_EXTENTS,
+				&list.extents);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+	list.size = NUM_EXTENTS;
+	err = rebuild_extent_tree(ctx, &list, ino);
+	ext2fs_free_mem(&list.extents);
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void rebuild_extents(e2fsck_t ctx, const char *pass_name, int pr_header)
+{
+	struct problem_context	pctx;
+#ifdef RESOURCE_TRACK
+	struct resource_track	rtrack;
+#endif
+	struct extent_list	list;
+	int			first = 1;
+	ext2_ino_t		ino = 0;
+	errcode_t		retval;
+
+	if (!EXT2_HAS_INCOMPAT_FEATURE(ctx->fs->super,
+				       EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS) ||
+	    !ext2fs_test_valid(ctx->fs) ||
+	    ctx->invalid_bitmaps) {
+		if (ctx->inodes_to_rebuild)
+			ext2fs_free_inode_bitmap(ctx->inodes_to_rebuild);
+		ctx->inodes_to_rebuild = NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (ctx->inodes_to_rebuild == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	init_resource_track(&rtrack, ctx->fs->io);
+	clear_problem_context(&pctx);
+	e2fsck_read_bitmaps(ctx);
+
+	memset(&list, 0, sizeof(list));
+	retval = ext2fs_get_mem(sizeof(struct ext2fs_extent) * NUM_EXTENTS,
+				&list.extents);
+	list.size = NUM_EXTENTS;
+	while (1) {
+		retval = ext2fs_find_first_set_inode_bitmap2(
+				ctx->inodes_to_rebuild, ino + 1,
+				ctx->fs->super->s_inodes_count, &ino);
+		if (retval)
+			break;
+		pctx.ino = ino;
+		if (first) {
+			fix_problem(ctx, pr_header, &pctx);
+			first = 0;
+		}
+		pctx.errcode = rebuild_extent_tree(ctx, &list, ino);
+		if (pctx.errcode) {
+			end_problem_latch(ctx, PR_LATCH_OPTIMIZE_EXT);
+			fix_problem(ctx, PR_1E_OPTIMIZE_EXT_ERR, &pctx);
+		}
+		if (ctx->progress && !ctx->progress_fd)
+			e2fsck_simple_progress(ctx, "Rebuilding extents",
+					100.0 * (float) ino /
+					(float) ctx->fs->super->s_inodes_count,
+					ino);
+	}
+	end_problem_latch(ctx, PR_LATCH_OPTIMIZE_EXT);
+
+	ext2fs_free_inode_bitmap(ctx->inodes_to_rebuild);
+	ctx->inodes_to_rebuild = NULL;
+	ext2fs_free_mem(&list.extents);
+
+	print_resource_track(ctx, pass_name, &rtrack, ctx->fs->io);
+}
+
+/* Scan a file to see if we should rebuild its extent tree */
+errcode_t e2fsck_check_rebuild_extents(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino,
+				  struct ext2_inode *inode,
+				  struct problem_context *pctx)
+{
+	struct extent_tree_info	eti;
+	struct ext2_extent_info	info, top_info;
+	struct ext2fs_extent	extent;
+	ext2_extent_handle_t	ehandle;
+	ext2_filsys		fs = ctx->fs;
+	errcode_t		retval;
+
+	/* block map file and we want extent conversion */
+	if (!(inode->i_flags & EXT4_EXTENTS_FL) &&
+	    !(inode->i_flags & EXT4_INLINE_DATA_FL) &&
+	    (ctx->options & E2F_OPT_CONVERT_BMAP)) {
+		return e2fsck_rebuild_extents_later(ctx, ino);
+	}
+
+	if (!(inode->i_flags & EXT4_EXTENTS_FL))
+		return 0;
+	memset(&eti, 0, sizeof(eti));
+	eti.ino = ino;
+
+	/* Otherwise, go scan the extent tree... */
+	retval = ext2fs_extent_open2(fs, ino, inode, &ehandle);
+	if (retval)
+		return 0;
+
+	retval = ext2fs_extent_get_info(ehandle, &top_info);
+	if (retval)
+		goto out;
+
+	/* Check maximum extent depth */
+	pctx->ino = ino;
+	pctx->blk = top_info.max_depth;
+	pctx->blk2 = ext2fs_max_extent_depth(ehandle);
+	if (pctx->blk2 < pctx->blk &&
+	    fix_problem(ctx, PR_1_EXTENT_BAD_MAX_DEPTH, pctx))
+		eti.force_rebuild = 1;
+
+	/* Can we collect extent tree level stats? */
+	pctx->blk = MAX_EXTENT_DEPTH_COUNT;
+	if (pctx->blk2 > pctx->blk)
+		fix_problem(ctx, PR_1E_MAX_EXTENT_TREE_DEPTH, pctx);
+
+	retval = ext2fs_extent_get(ehandle, EXT2_EXTENT_ROOT, &extent);
+	if (retval)
+		goto out;
+
+	do {
+		retval = ext2fs_extent_get_info(ehandle, &info);
+		if (retval)
+			break;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this is the first extent in an extent block that we
+		 * haven't visited, collect stats on the block.
+		 */
+		if (info.curr_entry == 1 &&
+		    !(extent.e_flags & EXT2_EXTENT_FLAGS_SECOND_VISIT) &&
+		    !eti.force_rebuild) {
+			struct extent_tree_level *etl;
+
+			etl = eti.ext_info + info.curr_level;
+			etl->num_extents += info.num_entries;
+			etl->max_extents += info.max_entries;
+			/*
+			 * Implementation wart: Splitting extent blocks when
+			 * appending will leave the old block with one free
+			 * entry.  Therefore unless the node is totally full,
+			 * pretend that a non-root extent block can hold one
+			 * fewer entry than it actually does, so that we don't
+			 * repeatedly rebuild the extent tree.
+			 */
+			if (info.curr_level &&
+			    info.num_entries < info.max_entries)
+				etl->max_extents--;
+		}
+
+		/* Skip to the end of a block of leaf nodes */
+		if (extent.e_flags & EXT2_EXTENT_FLAGS_LEAF) {
+			retval = ext2fs_extent_get(ehandle,
+						    EXT2_EXTENT_LAST_SIB,
+						    &extent);
+			if (retval)
+				break;
+		}
+
+		retval = ext2fs_extent_get(ehandle, EXT2_EXTENT_NEXT, &extent);
+	} while (retval == 0);
+out:
+	ext2fs_extent_free(ehandle);
+	return e2fsck_should_rebuild_extents(ctx, pctx, &eti, &top_info);
+}
+
+/* Having scanned a file's extent tree, decide if we should rebuild it */
+errcode_t e2fsck_should_rebuild_extents(e2fsck_t ctx,
+				   struct problem_context *pctx,
+				   struct extent_tree_info *eti,
+				   struct ext2_extent_info *info)
+{
+	struct extent_tree_level *ei;
+	int i, j, op;
+	unsigned int extents_per_block;
+
+	if (eti->force_rebuild)
+		goto rebuild;
+
+	extents_per_block = (ctx->fs->blocksize -
+			     sizeof(struct ext3_extent_header)) /
+			    sizeof(struct ext3_extent);
+	/*
+	 * If we can consolidate a level or shorten the tree, schedule the
+	 * extent tree to be rebuilt.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0, ei = eti->ext_info; i < info->max_depth + 1; i++, ei++) {
+		if (ei->max_extents - ei->num_extents > extents_per_block) {
+			pctx->blk = i;
+			op = PR_1E_CAN_NARROW_EXTENT_TREE;
+			goto rebuild;
+		}
+		for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+			if (ei->num_extents < eti->ext_info[j].max_extents) {
+				pctx->blk = i;
+				op = PR_1E_CAN_COLLAPSE_EXTENT_TREE;
+				goto rebuild;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+
+rebuild:
+	if (eti->force_rebuild || fix_problem(ctx, op, pctx))
+		return e2fsck_rebuild_extents_later(ctx, eti->ino);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void e2fsck_pass1e(e2fsck_t ctx)
+{
+	rebuild_extents(ctx, "Pass 1E", PR_1E_PASS_HEADER);
+}
diff --git a/e2fsck/pass1.c b/e2fsck/pass1.c
index da4d3cf..2658f39 100644
--- a/e2fsck/pass1.c
+++ b/e2fsck/pass1.c
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@
 #define _INLINE_ inline
 #endif
 
+#undef DEBUG
+
 static int process_block(ext2_filsys fs, blk64_t	*blocknr,
 			 e2_blkcnt_t blockcnt, blk64_t ref_blk,
 			 int ref_offset, void *priv_data);
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@ struct process_block_struct {
 	ext2fs_block_bitmap fs_meta_blocks;
 	e2fsck_t	ctx;
 	region_t	region;
+	struct extent_tree_info	eti;
 };
 
 struct process_inode_block {
@@ -1827,6 +1830,7 @@ void e2fsck_pass1(e2fsck_t ctx)
 		}
 		e2fsck_pass1_dupblocks(ctx, block_buf);
 	}
+	ctx->flags |= E2F_FLAG_ALLOC_OK;
 	ext2fs_free_mem(&inodes_to_process);
 endit:
 	e2fsck_use_inode_shortcuts(ctx, 0);
@@ -2461,6 +2465,22 @@ static void scan_extent_node(e2fsck_t ctx, struct problem_context *pctx,
 	pctx->errcode = ext2fs_extent_get_info(ehandle, &info);
 	if (pctx->errcode)
 		return;
+	if (!pb->eti.force_rebuild) {
+		struct extent_tree_level *etl;
+
+		etl = pb->eti.ext_info + info.curr_level;
+		etl->num_extents += info.num_entries;
+		etl->max_extents += info.max_entries;
+		/*
+		 * Implementation wart: Splitting extent blocks when appending
+		 * will leave the old block with one free entry.  Therefore
+		 * unless the node is totally full, pretend that a non-root
+		 * extent block can hold one fewer entry than it actually does,
+		 * so that we don't repeatedly rebuild the extent tree.
+		 */
+		if (info.curr_level && info.num_entries < info.max_entries)
+			etl->max_extents--;
+	}
 
 	pctx->errcode = ext2fs_extent_get(ehandle, EXT2_EXTENT_FIRST_SIB,
 					  &extent);
@@ -2797,11 +2817,27 @@ static void check_blocks_extents(e2fsck_t ctx, struct problem_context *pctx,
 
 	retval = ext2fs_extent_get_info(ehandle, &info);
 	if (retval == 0) {
-		if (info.max_depth >= MAX_EXTENT_DEPTH_COUNT)
-			info.max_depth = MAX_EXTENT_DEPTH_COUNT-1;
-		ctx->extent_depth_count[info.max_depth]++;
+		int max_depth = info.max_depth;
+
+		if (max_depth >= MAX_EXTENT_DEPTH_COUNT)
+			max_depth = MAX_EXTENT_DEPTH_COUNT-1;
+		ctx->extent_depth_count[max_depth]++;
 	}
 
+	/* Check maximum extent depth */
+	pctx->blk = info.max_depth;
+	pctx->blk2 = ext2fs_max_extent_depth(ehandle);
+	if (pctx->blk2 < pctx->blk &&
+	    fix_problem(ctx, PR_1_EXTENT_BAD_MAX_DEPTH, pctx))
+		pb->eti.force_rebuild = 1;
+
+	/* Can we collect extent tree level stats? */
+	pctx->blk = MAX_EXTENT_DEPTH_COUNT;
+	if (pctx->blk2 > pctx->blk)
+		fix_problem(ctx, PR_1E_MAX_EXTENT_TREE_DEPTH, pctx);
+	memset(pb->eti.ext_info, 0, sizeof(pb->eti.ext_info));
+	pb->eti.ino = pb->ino;
+
 	pb->region = region_create(0, info.max_lblk);
 	if (!pb->region) {
 		ext2fs_extent_free(ehandle);
@@ -2824,6 +2860,16 @@ static void check_blocks_extents(e2fsck_t ctx, struct problem_context *pctx,
 	region_free(pb->region);
 	pb->region = NULL;
 	ext2fs_extent_free(ehandle);
+
+	/* Rebuild unless it's a dir and we're rehashing it */
+	if (LINUX_S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) &&
+	    e2fsck_dir_will_be_rehashed(ctx, ino))
+		return;
+
+	if (ctx->options & E2F_OPT_CONVERT_BMAP)
+		e2fsck_rebuild_extents_later(ctx, ino);
+	else
+		e2fsck_should_rebuild_extents(ctx, pctx, &pb->eti, &info);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2908,6 +2954,7 @@ static void check_blocks(e2fsck_t ctx, struct problem_context *pctx,
 	pb.pctx = pctx;
 	pb.ctx = ctx;
 	pb.inode_modified = 0;
+	pb.eti.force_rebuild = 0;
 	pctx->ino = ino;
 	pctx->errcode = 0;
 
@@ -2971,6 +3018,15 @@ static void check_blocks(e2fsck_t ctx, struct problem_context *pctx,
 						  "check_blocks");
 			fs->flags = (flags & EXT2_FLAG_IGNORE_CSUM_ERRORS) |
 				    (fs->flags & ~EXT2_FLAG_IGNORE_CSUM_ERRORS);
+
+			if (ctx->options & E2F_OPT_CONVERT_BMAP) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+				printf("bmap rebuild ino=%d\n", ino);
+#endif
+				if (!LINUX_S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) ||
+				    !e2fsck_dir_will_be_rehashed(ctx, ino))
+					e2fsck_rebuild_extents_later(ctx, ino);
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	end_problem_latch(ctx, PR_LATCH_BLOCK);
diff --git a/e2fsck/problem.c b/e2fsck/problem.c
index a63e61c..07d79f3 100644
--- a/e2fsck/problem.c
+++ b/e2fsck/problem.c
@@ -1101,6 +1101,11 @@ static struct e2fsck_problem problem_table[] = {
 	  N_("@i %i has a duplicate @x mapping\n\t(logical @b %c, @n physical @b %b, len %N)\n"),
 	  PROMPT_CLEAR, 0 },
 
+	/* Inode extent tree could be more shallow */
+	{ PR_1_EXTENT_BAD_MAX_DEPTH,
+	  N_("@i %i @x tree could be more shallow (%b; could be <= %c)\n"),
+	  PROMPT_FIX, PR_NO_OK | PR_PREEN_NO | PR_PREEN_OK },
+
 	/* Pass 1b errors */
 
 	/* Pass 1B: Rescan for duplicate/bad blocks */
@@ -1198,6 +1203,48 @@ static struct e2fsck_problem problem_table[] = {
 	{ PR_1D_CLONE_ERROR,
 	  N_("Couldn't clone file: %m\n"), PROMPT_NONE, 0 },
 
+	/* Pass 1E Extent tree optimization	*/
+
+	/* Pass 1E: Optimizing extent trees */
+	{ PR_1E_PASS_HEADER,
+	  N_("Pass 1E: Optimizing @x trees\n"),
+	  PROMPT_NONE, PR_PREEN_NOMSG },
+
+	/* Failed to optimize extent tree */
+	{ PR_1E_OPTIMIZE_EXT_ERR,
+	  N_("Failed to optimize @x tree %p (%i): %m\n"),
+	  PROMPT_NONE, 0 },
+
+	/* Optimizing extent trees */
+	{ PR_1E_OPTIMIZE_EXT_HEADER,
+	  N_("Optimizing @x trees: "),
+	  PROMPT_NONE, PR_MSG_ONLY },
+
+	/* Rebuilding extent tree %d */
+	{ PR_1E_OPTIMIZE_EXT,
+	  " %i",
+	  PROMPT_NONE, PR_LATCH_OPTIMIZE_EXT | PR_PREEN_NOHDR},
+
+	/* Rebuilding extent tree end */
+	{ PR_1E_OPTIMIZE_EXT_END,
+	  "\n",
+	  PROMPT_NONE, PR_PREEN_NOHDR },
+
+	/* Internal error: extent tree depth too large */
+	{ PR_1E_MAX_EXTENT_TREE_DEPTH,
+	  N_("Internal error: max extent tree depth too large (%b; expected=%c).\n"),
+	  PROMPT_NONE, PR_FATAL },
+
+	/* Inode extent tree could be shorter */
+	{ PR_1E_CAN_COLLAPSE_EXTENT_TREE,
+	  N_("@i %i @x tree could be shorter.\n\t(level %b is unnecessary)\n"),
+	  PROMPT_FIX, PR_NO_OK | PR_PREEN_NO | PR_PREEN_OK },
+
+	/* Inode extent tree could be narrower */
+	{ PR_1E_CAN_NARROW_EXTENT_TREE,
+	  N_("@i %i @x tree could be narrower.\n\t(level %b has unnecessary nodes)\n"),
+	  PROMPT_FIX, PR_NO_OK | PR_PREEN_NO | PR_PREEN_OK },
+
 	/* Pass 2 errors */
 
 	/* Pass 2: Checking directory structure */
@@ -1946,6 +1993,7 @@ static struct latch_descr pr_latch_info[] = {
 	{ PR_LATCH_TOOBIG, PR_1_INODE_TOOBIG, 0 },
 	{ PR_LATCH_OPTIMIZE_DIR, PR_3A_OPTIMIZE_DIR_HEADER, PR_3A_OPTIMIZE_DIR_END },
 	{ PR_LATCH_BG_CHECKSUM, PR_0_GDT_CSUM_LATCH, 0 },
+	{ PR_LATCH_OPTIMIZE_EXT, PR_1E_OPTIMIZE_EXT_HEADER, PR_1E_OPTIMIZE_EXT_END },
 	{ -1, 0, 0 },
 };
 
diff --git a/e2fsck/problem.h b/e2fsck/problem.h
index 3c28166..4678b23 100644
--- a/e2fsck/problem.h
+++ b/e2fsck/problem.h
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ struct problem_context {
 #define PR_LATCH_TOOBIG	0x0080	/* Latch for file to big errors */
 #define PR_LATCH_OPTIMIZE_DIR 0x0090 /* Latch for optimize directories */
 #define PR_LATCH_BG_CHECKSUM 0x00A0  /* Latch for block group checksums */
+#define PR_LATCH_OPTIMIZE_EXT 0x00B0  /* Latch for rebuild extents */
 
 #define PR_LATCH(x)	((((x) & PR_LATCH_MASK) >> 4) - 1)
 
@@ -641,6 +642,9 @@ struct problem_context {
 /* leaf extent collision */
 #define PR_1_EXTENT_COLLISION			0x01007D
 
+/* extent tree max depth too big */
+#define PR_1_EXTENT_BAD_MAX_DEPTH		0x01007E
+
 /*
  * Pass 1b errors
  */
@@ -704,6 +708,33 @@ struct problem_context {
 #define PR_1D_CLONE_ERROR	0x013008
 
 /*
+ * Pass 1e --- rebuilding extent trees
+ */
+/* Pass 1e: Rebuilding extent trees */
+#define PR_1E_PASS_HEADER		0x014000
+
+/* Error rehash directory */
+#define PR_1E_OPTIMIZE_EXT_ERR		0x014001
+
+/* Rebuilding extent trees */
+#define PR_1E_OPTIMIZE_EXT_HEADER	0x014002
+
+/* Rebuilding extent %d */
+#define PR_1E_OPTIMIZE_EXT		0x014003
+
+/* Rebuilding extent tree end */
+#define PR_1E_OPTIMIZE_EXT_END		0x014004
+
+/* Internal error: extent tree depth too large */
+#define PR_1E_MAX_EXTENT_TREE_DEPTH	0x014005
+
+/* Inode extent tree could be shorter */
+#define PR_1E_CAN_COLLAPSE_EXTENT_TREE	0x014006
+
+/* Inode extent tree could be narrower */
+#define PR_1E_CAN_NARROW_EXTENT_TREE	0x014007
+
+/*
  * Pass 2 errors
  */
 
@@ -1032,6 +1063,8 @@ struct problem_context {
 /* Rehashing dir end */
 #define PR_3A_OPTIMIZE_DIR_END		0x031005
 
+/* Pass 3B is really just 1E */
+
 /*
  * Pass 4 errors
  */
diff --git a/e2fsck/rehash.c b/e2fsck/rehash.c
index 348923e..dadcfc7 100644
--- a/e2fsck/rehash.c
+++ b/e2fsck/rehash.c
@@ -749,11 +749,11 @@ static int write_dir_block(ext2_filsys fs,
 
 static errcode_t write_directory(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_filsys fs,
 				 struct out_dir *outdir,
-				 ext2_ino_t ino, int compress)
+				 ext2_ino_t ino, struct ext2_inode *inode,
+				 int compress)
 {
 	struct write_dir_struct wd;
 	errcode_t	retval;
-	struct ext2_inode 	inode;
 
 	retval = e2fsck_expand_directory(ctx, ino, -1, outdir->num);
 	if (retval)
@@ -772,22 +772,23 @@ static errcode_t write_directory(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_filsys fs,
 	if (wd.err)
 		return wd.err;
 
-	e2fsck_read_inode(ctx, ino, &inode, "rehash_dir");
+	e2fsck_read_inode(ctx, ino, inode, "rehash_dir");
 	if (compress)
-		inode.i_flags &= ~EXT2_INDEX_FL;
+		inode->i_flags &= ~EXT2_INDEX_FL;
 	else
-		inode.i_flags |= EXT2_INDEX_FL;
-	retval = ext2fs_inode_size_set(fs, &inode,
+		inode->i_flags |= EXT2_INDEX_FL;
+	retval = ext2fs_inode_size_set(fs, inode,
 				       outdir->num * fs->blocksize);
 	if (retval)
 		return retval;
-	ext2fs_iblk_sub_blocks(fs, &inode, wd.cleared);
-	e2fsck_write_inode(ctx, ino, &inode, "rehash_dir");
+	ext2fs_iblk_sub_blocks(fs, inode, wd.cleared);
+	e2fsck_write_inode(ctx, ino, inode, "rehash_dir");
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
-errcode_t e2fsck_rehash_dir(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino)
+errcode_t e2fsck_rehash_dir(e2fsck_t ctx, ext2_ino_t ino,
+			    struct problem_context *pctx)
 {
 	ext2_filsys 		fs = ctx->fs;
 	errcode_t		retval;
@@ -897,10 +898,14 @@ resort:
 			goto errout;
 	}
 
-	retval = write_directory(ctx, fs, &outdir, ino, fd.compress);
+	retval = write_directory(ctx, fs, &outdir, ino, &inode, fd.compress);
 	if (retval)
 		goto errout;
 
+	if (ctx->options & E2F_OPT_CONVERT_BMAP)
+		retval = e2fsck_rebuild_extents_later(ctx, ino);
+	else
+		retval = e2fsck_check_rebuild_extents(ctx, ino, &inode, pctx);
 errout:
 	free(dir_buf);
 	free(fd.harray);
@@ -944,7 +949,7 @@ void e2fsck_rehash_directories(e2fsck_t ctx)
 #if 0
 		fix_problem(ctx, PR_3A_OPTIMIZE_DIR, &pctx);
 #endif
-		pctx.errcode = e2fsck_rehash_dir(ctx, ino);
+		pctx.errcode = e2fsck_rehash_dir(ctx, ino, &pctx);
 		if (pctx.errcode) {
 			end_problem_latch(ctx, PR_LATCH_OPTIMIZE_DIR);
 			fix_problem(ctx, PR_3A_OPTIMIZE_DIR_ERR, &pctx);
diff --git a/e2fsck/super.c b/e2fsck/super.c
index 1e7e749..e64262a 100644
--- a/e2fsck/super.c
+++ b/e2fsck/super.c
@@ -606,6 +606,13 @@ void check_super_block(e2fsck_t ctx)
 		ext2fs_mark_super_dirty(fs);
 	}
 
+	/* Did user ask us to convert files to extents? */
+	if (ctx->options & E2F_OPT_CONVERT_BMAP) {
+		fs->super->s_feature_incompat |=
+			EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS;
+		ext2fs_mark_super_dirty(fs);
+	}
+
 	if ((fs->super->s_feature_incompat & EXT2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_META_BG) &&
 	    (fs->super->s_first_meta_bg > fs->desc_blocks)) {
 		pctx.group = fs->desc_blocks;
diff --git a/e2fsck/unix.c b/e2fsck/unix.c
index c366c78..b84bffe 100644
--- a/e2fsck/unix.c
+++ b/e2fsck/unix.c
@@ -709,6 +709,9 @@ static void parse_extended_opts(e2fsck_t ctx, const char *opts)
 			else
 				ctx->log_fn = string_copy(ctx, arg, 0);
 			continue;
+		} else if (strcmp(token, "bmap2extent") == 0) {
+			ctx->options |= E2F_OPT_CONVERT_BMAP;
+			continue;
 		} else {
 			fprintf(stderr, _("Unknown extended option: %s\n"),
 				token);
@@ -728,6 +731,7 @@ static void parse_extended_opts(e2fsck_t ctx, const char *opts)
 		fputs(("\tdiscard\n"), stderr);
 		fputs(("\tnodiscard\n"), stderr);
 		fputs(("\treadahead_kb=<buffer size>\n"), stderr);
+		fputs(("\tbmap2extent\n"), stderr);
 		fputc('\n', stderr);
 		exit(1);
 	}
diff --git a/tests/f_extent_bad_node/expect.1 b/tests/f_extent_bad_node/expect.1
index 0c0bc28..c9643a1 100644
--- a/tests/f_extent_bad_node/expect.1
+++ b/tests/f_extent_bad_node/expect.1
@@ -2,8 +2,13 @@ Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
 Inode 12 has an invalid extent node (blk 22, lblk 0)
 Clear? yes
 
+Inode 12 extent tree could be shorter.
+	(level 1 is unnecessary)
+Fix? yes
+
 Inode 12, i_blocks is 16, should be 8.  Fix? yes
 
+Pass 1E: Optimizing extent trees
 Pass 2: Checking directory structure
 Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
 Pass 4: Checking reference counts
@@ -11,13 +16,13 @@ Pass 5: Checking group summary information
 Block bitmap differences:  -(21--23) -25
 Fix? yes
 
-Free blocks count wrong for group #0 (71, counted=75).
+Free blocks count wrong for group #0 (73, counted=77).
 Fix? yes
 
-Free blocks count wrong (71, counted=75).
+Free blocks count wrong (73, counted=77).
 Fix? yes
 
 
 test_filesys: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****
-test_filesys: 12/16 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 25/100 blocks
+test_filesys: 12/16 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 23/100 blocks
 Exit status is 1
diff --git a/tests/f_extent_bad_node/expect.2 b/tests/f_extent_bad_node/expect.2
index 568c792..b78b193 100644
--- a/tests/f_extent_bad_node/expect.2
+++ b/tests/f_extent_bad_node/expect.2
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ Pass 2: Checking directory structure
 Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
 Pass 4: Checking reference counts
 Pass 5: Checking group summary information
-test_filesys: 12/16 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 25/100 blocks
+test_filesys: 12/16 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 23/100 blocks
 Exit status is 0
diff --git a/tests/f_extent_int_bad_magic/expect.1 b/tests/f_extent_int_bad_magic/expect.1
index 0e82e2b..3529636 100644
--- a/tests/f_extent_int_bad_magic/expect.1
+++ b/tests/f_extent_int_bad_magic/expect.1
@@ -2,8 +2,13 @@ Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
 Inode 12 has an invalid extent node (blk 1295, lblk 0)
 Clear? yes
 
+Inode 12 extent tree could be shorter.
+	(level 1 is unnecessary)
+Fix? yes
+
 Inode 12, i_blocks is 712, should be 0.  Fix? yes
 
+Pass 1E: Optimizing extent trees
 Pass 2: Checking directory structure
 Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
 Pass 4: Checking reference counts
diff --git a/tests/f_extent_leaf_bad_magic/expect.1 b/tests/f_extent_leaf_bad_magic/expect.1
index 7b6dbf1..ae27ecc 100644
--- a/tests/f_extent_leaf_bad_magic/expect.1
+++ b/tests/f_extent_leaf_bad_magic/expect.1
@@ -2,8 +2,13 @@ Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
 Inode 12 has an invalid extent node (blk 1604, lblk 0)
 Clear? yes
 
+Inode 12 extent tree could be shorter.
+	(level 1 is unnecessary)
+Fix? yes
+
 Inode 12, i_blocks is 18, should be 0.  Fix? yes
 
+Pass 1E: Optimizing extent trees
 Pass 2: Checking directory structure
 Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
 Pass 4: Checking reference counts
diff --git a/tests/f_extent_oobounds/expect.1 b/tests/f_extent_oobounds/expect.1
index 3164ea0..f0e282e 100644
--- a/tests/f_extent_oobounds/expect.1
+++ b/tests/f_extent_oobounds/expect.1
@@ -3,8 +3,13 @@ Inode 12, end of extent exceeds allowed value
 	(logical block 15, physical block 200, len 30)
 Clear? yes
 
+Inode 12 extent tree could be narrower.
+	(level 1 has unnecessary nodes)
+Fix? yes
+
 Inode 12, i_blocks is 154, should be 94.  Fix? yes
 
+Pass 1E: Optimizing extent trees
 Pass 2: Checking directory structure
 Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
 Pass 4: Checking reference counts
@@ -12,13 +17,13 @@ Pass 5: Checking group summary information
 Block bitmap differences:  -(200--229)
 Fix? yes
 
-Free blocks count wrong for group #0 (156, counted=186).
+Free blocks count wrong for group #0 (158, counted=188).
 Fix? yes
 
-Free blocks count wrong (156, counted=186).
+Free blocks count wrong (158, counted=188).
 Fix? yes
 
 
 test_filesys: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****
-test_filesys: 12/32 files (8.3% non-contiguous), 70/256 blocks
+test_filesys: 12/32 files (8.3% non-contiguous), 68/256 blocks
 Exit status is 1
diff --git a/tests/f_extent_oobounds/expect.2 b/tests/f_extent_oobounds/expect.2
index 22c4f2c..0729283 100644
--- a/tests/f_extent_oobounds/expect.2
+++ b/tests/f_extent_oobounds/expect.2
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ Pass 2: Checking directory structure
 Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
 Pass 4: Checking reference counts
 Pass 5: Checking group summary information
-test_filesys: 12/32 files (8.3% non-contiguous), 70/256 blocks
+test_filesys: 12/32 files (8.3% non-contiguous), 68/256 blocks
 Exit status is 0
diff --git a/tests/f_extents/expect.1 b/tests/f_extents/expect.1
index aeebc7b..2751eb9 100644
--- a/tests/f_extents/expect.1
+++ b/tests/f_extents/expect.1
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ Inode 12 has an invalid extent
 	(logical block 0, invalid physical block 21994527527949, len 17)
 Clear? yes
 
+Inode 12 extent tree could be shorter.
+	(level 1 is unnecessary)
+Fix? yes
+
 Inode 12, i_blocks is 34, should be 0.  Fix? yes
 
 Inode 13 missing EXTENT_FL, but is in extents format
@@ -21,6 +25,10 @@ Inode 17 has an invalid extent
 	(logical block 0, invalid physical block 22011707397135, len 15)
 Clear? yes
 
+Inode 17 extent tree could be shorter.
+	(level 1 is unnecessary)
+Fix? yes
+
 Inode 17, i_blocks is 32, should be 0.  Fix? yes
 
 Error while reading over extent tree in inode 18: Corrupt extent header
@@ -31,6 +39,7 @@ Inode 18, i_blocks is 2, should be 0.  Fix? yes
 Special (device/socket/fifo) file (inode 19) has extents
 or inline-data flag set.  Clear? yes
 
+Pass 1E: Optimizing extent trees
 Pass 2: Checking directory structure
 Entry 'fbad-flag' in / (2) has deleted/unused inode 18.  Clear? yes
 

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