There is an updated patch to add updated orlov inode/block allocators to ext4 in the ext4 patch queue, and which I've attached here. It seems to make a huge difference on e2fsck times, which I've written about here: http://thunk.org/tytso/blog/2009/02/26/fast-ext4-fsck-times-revisited/ I've also tried running Eric Sandeen's seq_mkdirs benchmark (which I've suggested should be renamed mkdirs_mark, with a suitable tweaked logo: http://graphics.ucsd.edu/courses/rendering/2003/joshwills.jpg) and what I see is a fairly consistent time per interation that does *not* increase as more directories are added to the file system. I tried adding some of Andreas' suggestions which would tend to pack the inodes less agressively, in the hopes that it might speed up the mkdir operation, but at least for seq_mkdir/mkdirs_mark benchmark, it really didn't help, because we are disk bound, not cpu bound. (At least, on a 5400 rpm drive the limiting factor was the hard drive, not CPU; maybe things will be different on a big SAN-attached RAID array.) CPU utilization and speed per interation goes up significantly once the disk is full, since at that point we really *do* scan all block groups, but that seems to be an acceptable thing to do; I don't think it's all that important whether mkdir() returns ENOSPC quickly or not. :-) At this point, the major speed advantage of XFS for this benchmark seems to be caused by the fact that it supports small form-factor directories which are encoded in the inode structure, whereas ext4 needs to write a 4k directory block even for an empty directory (this is what is causing us to be I/O bound). So any improvements in mkdirs_mark would require special-case hacks such as treating a zero-length directory inode as a synthetic empty inode, and not actually trying to allocate the directory block until the first time a file is created in the directory. But that would be a file system format change that would probably only really be useful for better benchmark results --- how common are file systems with hundreds of thousands of empty directories, after all? - Ted ext4: New inode/block allocation algorithms for flex_bg file systems The find_group_flex() inode allocator is now only used if the file system is mounted using the "oldalloc" mount option. It is replaced with the original Orlov allocator that has been updated for flex_bg file systems (it should behave the same way if flex_bg is disabled). The inode allocator now functions by taking into account each flex_bg group, instead of each block group, when deciding whether or not it's time to allocate a new directory into a fresh flex_bg. The block allocator has also been changed so that the first block group in each flex_bg is preferred for use for storing directory blocks. This keeps directory blocks close together, which is good for speeding up e2fsck since large directories are more likely to look like this: debugfs: stat /home/tytso/Maildir/cur Inode: 1844562 Type: directory Mode: 0700 Flags: 0x81000 Generation: 1132745781 Version: 0x00000000:0000ad71 User: 15806 Group: 15806 Size: 1060864 File ACL: 0 Directory ACL: 0 Links: 2 Blockcount: 2072 Fragment: Address: 0 Number: 0 Size: 0 ctime: 0x499c0ff4:164961f4 -- Wed Feb 18 08:41:08 2009 atime: 0x499c0ff4:00000000 -- Wed Feb 18 08:41:08 2009 mtime: 0x49957f51:00000000 -- Fri Feb 13 09:10:25 2009 crtime: 0x499c0f57:00d51440 -- Wed Feb 18 08:38:31 2009 Size of extra inode fields: 28 BLOCKS: (0):7348651, (1-258):7348654-7348911 TOTAL: 259 Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@xxxxxxx> --- fs/ext4/ext4.h | 6 ++ fs/ext4/ext4_i.h | 3 + fs/ext4/extents.c | 25 ++++++- fs/ext4/ialloc.c | 215 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------- fs/ext4/inode.c | 18 ++++- fs/ext4/mballoc.c | 7 ++ 6 files changed, 216 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) diff --git a/fs/ext4/ext4.h b/fs/ext4/ext4.h index 9840cad..684a063 100644 --- a/fs/ext4/ext4.h +++ b/fs/ext4/ext4.h @@ -827,6 +827,12 @@ static inline int ext4_valid_inum(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long ino) #define EXT4_DEF_MAX_BATCH_TIME 15000 /* 15ms */ /* + * Minimum number of groups in a flexgroup before we separate out + * directories into the first block group of a flexgroup + */ +#define EXT4_FLEX_SIZE_DIR_ALLOC_SCHEME 4 + +/* * Structure of a directory entry */ #define EXT4_NAME_LEN 255 diff --git a/fs/ext4/ext4_i.h b/fs/ext4/ext4_i.h index 2d516c0..4ce2187 100644 --- a/fs/ext4/ext4_i.h +++ b/fs/ext4/ext4_i.h @@ -122,6 +122,9 @@ struct ext4_inode_info { struct list_head i_prealloc_list; spinlock_t i_prealloc_lock; + /* ialloc */ + ext4_group_t i_last_alloc_group; + /* allocation reservation info for delalloc */ unsigned int i_reserved_data_blocks; unsigned int i_reserved_meta_blocks; diff --git a/fs/ext4/extents.c b/fs/ext4/extents.c index e2eab19..bd0092a 100644 --- a/fs/ext4/extents.c +++ b/fs/ext4/extents.c @@ -152,6 +152,8 @@ static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_find_goal(struct inode *inode, ext4_fsblk_t bg_start; ext4_fsblk_t last_block; ext4_grpblk_t colour; + ext4_group_t block_group; + int flex_size = ext4_flex_bg_size(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)); int depth; if (path) { @@ -170,10 +172,31 @@ static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_find_goal(struct inode *inode, } /* OK. use inode's group */ - bg_start = (ei->i_block_group * EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb)) + + block_group = ei->i_block_group; + if (flex_size >= EXT4_FLEX_SIZE_DIR_ALLOC_SCHEME) { + /* + * If there are at least EXT4_FLEX_SIZE_DIR_ALLOC_SCHEME + * block groups per flexgroup, reserve the first block + * group for directories and special files. Regular + * files will start at the second block group. This + * tends to speed up directory access and improves + * fsck times. + */ + block_group &= ~(flex_size-1); + if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) + block_group++; + } + bg_start = (block_group * EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb)) + le32_to_cpu(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_es->s_first_data_block); last_block = ext4_blocks_count(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_es) - 1; + /* + * If we are doing delayed allocation, we don't need take + * colour into account. + */ + if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DELALLOC)) + return bg_start; + if (bg_start + EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb) <= last_block) colour = (current->pid % 16) * (EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb) / 16); diff --git a/fs/ext4/ialloc.c b/fs/ext4/ialloc.c index f524d9b..c0d2bb6 100644 --- a/fs/ext4/ialloc.c +++ b/fs/ext4/ialloc.c @@ -408,6 +408,43 @@ out: return 0; } +struct orlov_stats { + __u32 free_inodes; + __u32 free_blocks; + __u32 used_dirs; +}; + +/* + * Helper function for Orlov's allocator; returns critical information + * for a particular block group or flex_bg. If flex_size is 1, then g + * is a block group number; otherwise it is flex_bg number. + */ +void get_orlov_stats(struct super_block *sb, ext4_group_t g, + int flex_size, struct orlov_stats *stats) +{ + struct ext4_group_desc *desc; + ext4_group_t ngroups = EXT4_SB(sb)->s_groups_count; + int i; + + stats->free_inodes = 0; + stats->free_blocks = 0; + stats->used_dirs = 0; + + g *= flex_size; + + for (i = 0; i < flex_size; i++) { + if (g >= ngroups) + break; + desc = ext4_get_group_desc(sb, g++, NULL); + if (!desc) + continue; + + stats->free_inodes += ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, desc); + stats->free_blocks += ext4_free_blks_count(sb, desc); + stats->used_dirs += ext4_used_dirs_count(sb, desc); + } +} + /* * Orlov's allocator for directories. * @@ -423,35 +460,34 @@ out: * it has too many directories already (max_dirs) or * it has too few free inodes left (min_inodes) or * it has too few free blocks left (min_blocks) or - * it's already running too large debt (max_debt). * Parent's group is preferred, if it doesn't satisfy these * conditions we search cyclically through the rest. If none * of the groups look good we just look for a group with more * free inodes than average (starting at parent's group). - * - * Debt is incremented each time we allocate a directory and decremented - * when we allocate an inode, within 0--255. */ -#define INODE_COST 64 -#define BLOCK_COST 256 - static int find_group_orlov(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *parent, - ext4_group_t *group) + ext4_group_t *group, int mode) { ext4_group_t parent_group = EXT4_I(parent)->i_block_group; struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(sb); - struct ext4_super_block *es = sbi->s_es; ext4_group_t ngroups = sbi->s_groups_count; int inodes_per_group = EXT4_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb); unsigned int freei, avefreei; ext4_fsblk_t freeb, avefreeb; - ext4_fsblk_t blocks_per_dir; unsigned int ndirs; - int max_debt, max_dirs, min_inodes; + int max_dirs, min_inodes; ext4_grpblk_t min_blocks; - ext4_group_t i; + ext4_group_t i, grp, g; struct ext4_group_desc *desc; + struct orlov_stats stats; + int flex_size = ext4_flex_bg_size(sbi); + + if (flex_size > 1) { + ngroups = (ngroups + flex_size - 1) >> + sbi->s_log_groups_per_flex; + parent_group >>= sbi->s_log_groups_per_flex; + } freei = percpu_counter_read_positive(&sbi->s_freeinodes_counter); avefreei = freei / ngroups; @@ -460,71 +496,97 @@ static int find_group_orlov(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *parent, do_div(avefreeb, ngroups); ndirs = percpu_counter_read_positive(&sbi->s_dirs_counter); - if ((parent == sb->s_root->d_inode) || - (EXT4_I(parent)->i_flags & EXT4_TOPDIR_FL)) { + if (S_ISDIR(mode) && + ((parent == sb->s_root->d_inode) || + (EXT4_I(parent)->i_flags & EXT4_TOPDIR_FL))) { int best_ndir = inodes_per_group; - ext4_group_t grp; int ret = -1; get_random_bytes(&grp, sizeof(grp)); parent_group = (unsigned)grp % ngroups; for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++) { - grp = (parent_group + i) % ngroups; - desc = ext4_get_group_desc(sb, grp, NULL); - if (!desc || !ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, desc)) + g = (parent_group + i) % ngroups; + get_orlov_stats(sb, g, flex_size, &stats); + if (!stats.free_inodes) continue; - if (ext4_used_dirs_count(sb, desc) >= best_ndir) + if (stats.used_dirs >= best_ndir) continue; - if (ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, desc) < avefreei) + if (stats.free_inodes < avefreei) continue; - if (ext4_free_blks_count(sb, desc) < avefreeb) + if (stats.free_blocks < avefreeb) continue; - *group = grp; + grp = g; ret = 0; - best_ndir = ext4_used_dirs_count(sb, desc); + best_ndir = stats.used_dirs; + } + if (ret) + goto fallback; + found_flex_bg: + if (flex_size == 1) { + *group = grp; + return 0; + } + + /* + * We pack inodes at the beginning of the flexgroup's + * inode tables. Block allocation decisions will do + * something similar, although regular files will + * start at 2nd block group of the flexgroup. See + * ext4_ext_find_goal() and ext4_find_near(). + */ + grp *= flex_size; + for (i = 0; i < flex_size; i++) { + if (grp+i >= sbi->s_groups_count) + break; + desc = ext4_get_group_desc(sb, grp+i, NULL); + if (desc && ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, desc)) { + *group = grp+i; + return 0; + } } - if (ret == 0) - return ret; goto fallback; } - blocks_per_dir = ext4_blocks_count(es) - freeb; - do_div(blocks_per_dir, ndirs); - max_dirs = ndirs / ngroups + inodes_per_group / 16; - min_inodes = avefreei - inodes_per_group / 4; - min_blocks = avefreeb - EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(sb) / 4; - - max_debt = EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(sb); - max_debt /= max_t(int, blocks_per_dir, BLOCK_COST); - if (max_debt * INODE_COST > inodes_per_group) - max_debt = inodes_per_group / INODE_COST; - if (max_debt > 255) - max_debt = 255; - if (max_debt == 0) - max_debt = 1; + min_inodes = avefreei - inodes_per_group*flex_size / 4; + if (min_inodes < 1) + min_inodes = 1; + min_blocks = avefreeb - EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(sb)*flex_size / 4; + + /* + * Start looking in the flex group where we last allocated an + * inode for this parent directory + */ + if (EXT4_I(parent)->i_last_alloc_group != ~0) { + parent_group = EXT4_I(parent)->i_last_alloc_group; + if (flex_size > 1) + parent_group >>= sbi->s_log_groups_per_flex; + } for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++) { - *group = (parent_group + i) % ngroups; - desc = ext4_get_group_desc(sb, *group, NULL); - if (!desc || !ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, desc)) - continue; - if (ext4_used_dirs_count(sb, desc) >= max_dirs) + grp = (parent_group + i) % ngroups; + get_orlov_stats(sb, grp, flex_size, &stats); + if (stats.used_dirs >= max_dirs) continue; - if (ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, desc) < min_inodes) + if (stats.free_inodes < min_inodes) continue; - if (ext4_free_blks_count(sb, desc) < min_blocks) + if (stats.free_blocks < min_blocks) continue; - return 0; + goto found_flex_bg; } fallback: + ngroups = sbi->s_groups_count; + avefreei = freei / ngroups; + parent_group = EXT4_I(parent)->i_block_group; for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++) { - *group = (parent_group + i) % ngroups; - desc = ext4_get_group_desc(sb, *group, NULL); + grp = (parent_group + i) % ngroups; + desc = ext4_get_group_desc(sb, grp, NULL); if (desc && ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, desc) && - ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, desc) >= avefreei) + ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, desc) >= avefreei) { + *group = grp; return 0; + } } if (avefreei) { @@ -540,12 +602,51 @@ fallback: } static int find_group_other(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *parent, - ext4_group_t *group) + ext4_group_t *group, int mode) { ext4_group_t parent_group = EXT4_I(parent)->i_block_group; ext4_group_t ngroups = EXT4_SB(sb)->s_groups_count; struct ext4_group_desc *desc; - ext4_group_t i; + ext4_group_t i, last; + int flex_size = ext4_flex_bg_size(EXT4_SB(sb)); + + /* + * Try to place the inode is the same flex group as its + * parent. If we can't find space, use the Orlov algorithm to + * find another flex group, and store that information in the + * parent directory's inode information so that use that flex + * group for future allocations. + */ + if (flex_size > 1) { + int retry = 0; + + try_again: + parent_group &= ~(flex_size-1); + last = parent_group + flex_size; + if (last > ngroups) + last = ngroups; + for (i = parent_group; i < last; i++) { + desc = ext4_get_group_desc(sb, i, NULL); + if (desc && ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, desc)) { + *group = i; + return 0; + } + } + if (!retry && EXT4_I(parent)->i_last_alloc_group != ~0) { + retry = 1; + parent_group = EXT4_I(parent)->i_last_alloc_group; + goto try_again; + } + /* + * If this didn't work, use the Orlov search algorithm + * to find a new flex group; we pass in the mode to + * avoid the topdir algorithms. + */ + *group = parent_group + flex_size; + if (*group > ngroups) + *group = 0; + return find_group_orlov(sb, parent, group, mode); + } /* * Try to place the inode in its parent directory @@ -713,10 +814,10 @@ struct inode *ext4_new_inode(handle_t *handle, struct inode *dir, int mode) sbi = EXT4_SB(sb); es = sbi->s_es; - if (sbi->s_log_groups_per_flex) { + if (sbi->s_log_groups_per_flex && test_opt(sb, OLDALLOC)) { ret2 = find_group_flex(sb, dir, &group); if (ret2 == -1) { - ret2 = find_group_other(sb, dir, &group); + ret2 = find_group_other(sb, dir, &group, mode); if (ret2 == 0 && printk_ratelimit()) printk(KERN_NOTICE "ext4: find_group_flex " "failed, fallback succeeded dir %lu\n", @@ -729,11 +830,12 @@ struct inode *ext4_new_inode(handle_t *handle, struct inode *dir, int mode) if (test_opt(sb, OLDALLOC)) ret2 = find_group_dir(sb, dir, &group); else - ret2 = find_group_orlov(sb, dir, &group); + ret2 = find_group_orlov(sb, dir, &group, mode); } else - ret2 = find_group_other(sb, dir, &group); + ret2 = find_group_other(sb, dir, &group, mode); got_group: + EXT4_I(dir)->i_last_alloc_group = group; err = -ENOSPC; if (ret2 == -1) goto out; @@ -890,6 +992,7 @@ got: ei->i_file_acl = 0; ei->i_dtime = 0; ei->i_block_group = group; + ei->i_last_alloc_group = ~0; ext4_set_inode_flags(inode); if (IS_DIRSYNC(inode)) diff --git a/fs/ext4/inode.c b/fs/ext4/inode.c index 51cdd13..51d70bc 100644 --- a/fs/ext4/inode.c +++ b/fs/ext4/inode.c @@ -459,6 +459,8 @@ static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_find_near(struct inode *inode, Indirect *ind) ext4_fsblk_t bg_start; ext4_fsblk_t last_block; ext4_grpblk_t colour; + ext4_group_t block_group; + int flex_size = ext4_flex_bg_size(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)); /* Try to find previous block */ for (p = ind->p - 1; p >= start; p--) { @@ -474,9 +476,22 @@ static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_find_near(struct inode *inode, Indirect *ind) * It is going to be referred to from the inode itself? OK, just put it * into the same cylinder group then. */ - bg_start = ext4_group_first_block_no(inode->i_sb, ei->i_block_group); + block_group = ei->i_block_group; + if (flex_size >= EXT4_FLEX_SIZE_DIR_ALLOC_SCHEME) { + block_group &= ~(flex_size-1); + if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) + block_group++; + } + bg_start = ext4_group_first_block_no(inode->i_sb, block_group); last_block = ext4_blocks_count(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_es) - 1; + /* + * If we are doing delayed allocation, we don't need take + * colour into account. + */ + if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DELALLOC)) + return bg_start; + if (bg_start + EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb) <= last_block) colour = (current->pid % 16) * (EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb) / 16); @@ -4257,6 +4272,7 @@ struct inode *ext4_iget(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long ino) ei->i_disksize = inode->i_size; inode->i_generation = le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_generation); ei->i_block_group = iloc.block_group; + ei->i_last_alloc_group = ~0; /* * NOTE! The in-memory inode i_data array is in little-endian order * even on big-endian machines: we do NOT byteswap the block numbers! diff --git a/fs/ext4/mballoc.c b/fs/ext4/mballoc.c index 4415bee..0430143 100644 --- a/fs/ext4/mballoc.c +++ b/fs/ext4/mballoc.c @@ -1726,6 +1726,7 @@ static int ext4_mb_good_group(struct ext4_allocation_context *ac, { unsigned free, fragments; unsigned i, bits; + int flex_size = ext4_flex_bg_size(EXT4_SB(ac->ac_sb)); struct ext4_group_desc *desc; struct ext4_group_info *grp = ext4_get_group_info(ac->ac_sb, group); @@ -1747,6 +1748,12 @@ static int ext4_mb_good_group(struct ext4_allocation_context *ac, if (desc->bg_flags & cpu_to_le16(EXT4_BG_BLOCK_UNINIT)) return 0; + /* Avoid using the first bg of a flexgroup for data files */ + if ((ac->ac_flags & EXT4_MB_HINT_DATA) && + (flex_size >= EXT4_FLEX_SIZE_DIR_ALLOC_SCHEME) && + ((group % flex_size) == 0)) + return 0; + bits = ac->ac_sb->s_blocksize_bits + 1; for (i = ac->ac_2order; i <= bits; i++) if (grp->bb_counters[i] > 0) -- To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-ext4" in the body of a message to majordomo@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html
