Currently, ramzwap devices (/dev/ramzswapX) can only
be used as swap disks since it was hard-coded to consider
only the first request in bio vector.
Now, we iterate over all the segments in an incoming
bio which allows us to handle all kinds of I/O requests.
ramzswap devices can still handle PAGE_SIZE aligned and
multiple of PAGE_SIZE sized I/O requests only. To ensure
that we get always get such requests only, we set following
request_queue attributes to PAGE_SIZE:
- physical_block_size
- logical_block_size
- io_min
- io_opt
Note: physical and logical block sizes were already set
equal to PAGE_SIZE and that seems to be sufficient to get
PAGE_SIZE aligned I/O.
Since we are no longer limited to handling swap requests
only, the next few patches rename ramzswap to zram. So,
the devices will then be called /dev/zram{0, 1, 2, ...}
Usage/Examples:
1) Use as /tmp storage
- mkfs.ext4 /dev/zram0
- mount /dev/zram0 /tmp
2) Use as swap:
- mkswap /dev/zram0
- swapon /dev/zram0 -p 10 # give highest priority to zram0
Performance:
- I/O benchamark done with 'dd' command. Details can be
found here:
http://code.google.com/p/compcache/wiki/zramperf
Summary:
- Maximum read speed (approx):
- ram disk: 1200 MB/sec
- zram disk: 600 MB/sec
- Maximum write speed (approx):
- ram disk: 500 MB/sec
- zram disk: 160 MB/sec
Issues:
- Double caching: We can potentially waste memory by having
two copies of a page -- one in page cache (uncompress) and
second in the device memory (compressed). However, during
reclaim, clean page cache pages are quickly freed, so this
does not seem to be a big problem.
- Stale data: Not all filesystems support issuing 'discard'
requests to underlying block devices. So, if such filesystems
are used over zram devices, we can accumulate lot of stale
data in memory. Even for filesystems to do support discard
(example, ext4), we need to see how effective it is.
- Scalability: There is only one (per-device) de/compression
buffer stats. This can lead to significant contention, especially
when used for generic (non-swap) purposes.
Signed-off-by: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
---
drivers/staging/ramzswap/ramzswap_drv.c | 325 ++++++++++++++-----------------
1 files changed, 148 insertions(+), 177 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/staging/ramzswap/ramzswap_drv.c b/drivers/staging/ramzswap/ramzswap_drv.c
index d14bf91..9d20d23 100644
--- a/drivers/staging/ramzswap/ramzswap_drv.c
+++ b/drivers/staging/ramzswap/ramzswap_drv.c
@@ -101,20 +101,6 @@ static void ramzswap_set_disksize(struct ramzswap *rzs, size_t totalram_bytes)
rzs->disksize &= PAGE_MASK;
}
-/*
- * Swap header (1st page of swap device) contains information
- * about a swap file/partition. Prepare such a header for the
- * given ramzswap device so that swapon can identify it as a
- * swap partition.
- */
-static void setup_swap_header(struct ramzswap *rzs, union swap_header *s)
-{
- s->info.version = 1;
- s->info.last_page = (rzs->disksize >> PAGE_SHIFT) - 1;
- s->info.nr_badpages = 0;
- memcpy(s->magic.magic, "SWAPSPACE2", 10);
-}
-
static void ramzswap_ioctl_get_stats(struct ramzswap *rzs,
struct ramzswap_ioctl_stats *s)
{
@@ -202,31 +188,22 @@ out:
rzs->table[index].offset = 0;
}
-static int handle_zero_page(struct bio *bio)
+static void handle_zero_page(struct page *page, u32 index)
{
void *user_mem;
- struct page *page = bio->bi_io_vec[0].bv_page;
user_mem = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
memset(user_mem, 0, PAGE_SIZE);
kunmap_atomic(user_mem, KM_USER0);
flush_dcache_page(page);
-
- set_bit(BIO_UPTODATE, &bio->bi_flags);
- bio_endio(bio, 0);
- return 0;
}
-static int handle_uncompressed_page(struct ramzswap *rzs, struct bio *bio)
+static void handle_uncompressed_page(struct ramzswap *rzs,
+ struct page *page, u32 index)
{
- u32 index;
- struct page *page;
unsigned char *user_mem, *cmem;
- page = bio->bi_io_vec[0].bv_page;
- index = bio->bi_sector >> SECTORS_PER_PAGE_SHIFT;
-
user_mem = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
cmem = kmap_atomic(rzs->table[index].page, KM_USER1) +
rzs->table[index].offset;
@@ -236,79 +213,72 @@ static int handle_uncompressed_page(struct ramzswap *rzs, struct bio *bio)
kunmap_atomic(cmem, KM_USER1);
flush_dcache_page(page);
-
- set_bit(BIO_UPTODATE, &bio->bi_flags);
- bio_endio(bio, 0);
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Called when request page is not present in ramzswap.
- * This is an attempt to read before any previous write
- * to this location - this happens due to readahead when
- * swap device is read from user-space (e.g. during swapon)
- */
-static int handle_ramzswap_fault(struct ramzswap *rzs, struct bio *bio)
-{
- pr_debug("Read before write on swap device: "
- "sector=%lu, size=%u, offset=%u\n",
- (ulong)(bio->bi_sector), bio->bi_size,
- bio->bi_io_vec[0].bv_offset);
-
- /* Do nothing. Just return success */
- set_bit(BIO_UPTODATE, &bio->bi_flags);
- bio_endio(bio, 0);
- return 0;
}
static int ramzswap_read(struct ramzswap *rzs, struct bio *bio)
{
- int ret;
+
+ int i;
u32 index;
- size_t clen;
- struct page *page;
- struct zobj_header *zheader;
- unsigned char *user_mem, *cmem;
+ struct bio_vec *bvec;
rzs_stat64_inc(rzs, &rzs->stats.num_reads);
- page = bio->bi_io_vec[0].bv_page;
index = bio->bi_sector >> SECTORS_PER_PAGE_SHIFT;
+ bio_for_each_segment(bvec, bio, i) {
+ int ret;
+ size_t clen;
+ struct page *page;
+ struct zobj_header *zheader;
+ unsigned char *user_mem, *cmem;
- if (rzs_test_flag(rzs, index, RZS_ZERO))
- return handle_zero_page(bio);
+ page = bvec->bv_page;
- /* Requested page is not present in compressed area */
- if (!rzs->table[index].page)
- return handle_ramzswap_fault(rzs, bio);
+ if (rzs_test_flag(rzs, index, RZS_ZERO)) {
+ handle_zero_page(page, index);
+ continue;
+ }
- /* Page is stored uncompressed since it's incompressible */
- if (unlikely(rzs_test_flag(rzs, index, RZS_UNCOMPRESSED)))
- return handle_uncompressed_page(rzs, bio);
+ /* Requested page is not present in compressed area */
+ if (unlikely(!rzs->table[index].page)) {
+ pr_debug("Read before write on swap device: "
+ "sector=%lu, size=%u",
+ (ulong)(bio->bi_sector), bio->bi_size);
+ /* Do nothing */
+ continue;
+ }
- user_mem = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
- clen = PAGE_SIZE;
+ /* Page is stored uncompressed since it's incompressible */
+ if (unlikely(rzs_test_flag(rzs, index, RZS_UNCOMPRESSED))) {
+ handle_uncompressed_page(rzs, page, index);
+ continue;
+ }
- cmem = kmap_atomic(rzs->table[index].page, KM_USER1) +
- rzs->table[index].offset;
+ user_mem = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
+ clen = PAGE_SIZE;
- ret = lzo1x_decompress_safe(
- cmem + sizeof(*zheader),
- xv_get_object_size(cmem) - sizeof(*zheader),
- user_mem, &clen);
+ cmem = kmap_atomic(rzs->table[index].page, KM_USER1) +
+ rzs->table[index].offset;
- kunmap_atomic(user_mem, KM_USER0);
- kunmap_atomic(cmem, KM_USER1);
+ ret = lzo1x_decompress_safe(
+ cmem + sizeof(*zheader),
+ xv_get_object_size(cmem) - sizeof(*zheader),
+ user_mem, &clen);
- /* should NEVER happen */
- if (unlikely(ret != LZO_E_OK)) {
- pr_err("Decompression failed! err=%d, page=%u\n",
- ret, index);
- rzs_stat64_inc(rzs, &rzs->stats.failed_reads);
- goto out;
- }
+ kunmap_atomic(user_mem, KM_USER0);
+ kunmap_atomic(cmem, KM_USER1);
- flush_dcache_page(page);
+ /* should NEVER happen */
+ if (unlikely(ret != LZO_E_OK)) {
+ pr_err("Decompression failed! err=%d, page=%u\n",
+ ret, index);
+ rzs_stat64_inc(rzs, &rzs->stats.failed_reads);
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ flush_dcache_page(page);
+ index++;
+ }
set_bit(BIO_UPTODATE, &bio->bi_flags);
bio_endio(bio, 0);
@@ -321,108 +291,120 @@ out:
static int ramzswap_write(struct ramzswap *rzs, struct bio *bio)
{
- int ret;
- u32 offset, index;
- size_t clen;
- struct zobj_header *zheader;
- struct page *page, *page_store;
- unsigned char *user_mem, *cmem, *src;
+ int i;
+ u32 index;
+ struct bio_vec *bvec;
rzs_stat64_inc(rzs, &rzs->stats.num_writes);
- page = bio->bi_io_vec[0].bv_page;
index = bio->bi_sector >> SECTORS_PER_PAGE_SHIFT;
- src = rzs->compress_buffer;
+ bio_for_each_segment(bvec, bio, i) {
+ int ret;
+ u32 offset;
+ size_t clen;
+ struct zobj_header *zheader;
+ struct page *page, *page_store;
+ unsigned char *user_mem, *cmem, *src;
- mutex_lock(&rzs->lock);
+ page = bvec->bv_page;
+ src = rzs->compress_buffer;
- user_mem = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
- if (page_zero_filled(user_mem)) {
- kunmap_atomic(user_mem, KM_USER0);
- mutex_unlock(&rzs->lock);
- rzs_stat_inc(&rzs->stats.pages_zero);
- rzs_set_flag(rzs, index, RZS_ZERO);
+ /*
+ * System overwrites unused sectors. Free memory associated
+ * with this sector now.
+ */
+ if (rzs->table[index].page ||
+ rzs_test_flag(rzs, index, RZS_ZERO))
+ ramzswap_free_page(rzs, index);
- set_bit(BIO_UPTODATE, &bio->bi_flags);
- bio_endio(bio, 0);
- return 0;
- }
+ mutex_lock(&rzs->lock);
- ret = lzo1x_1_compress(user_mem, PAGE_SIZE, src, &clen,
- rzs->compress_workmem);
+ user_mem = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
+ if (page_zero_filled(user_mem)) {
+ kunmap_atomic(user_mem, KM_USER0);
+ mutex_unlock(&rzs->lock);
+ rzs_stat_inc(&rzs->stats.pages_zero);
+ rzs_set_flag(rzs, index, RZS_ZERO);
+ continue;
+ }
- kunmap_atomic(user_mem, KM_USER0);
+ ret = lzo1x_1_compress(user_mem, PAGE_SIZE, src, &clen,
+ rzs->compress_workmem);
- if (unlikely(ret != LZO_E_OK)) {
- mutex_unlock(&rzs->lock);
- pr_err("Compression failed! err=%d\n", ret);
- rzs_stat64_inc(rzs, &rzs->stats.failed_writes);
- goto out;
- }
+ kunmap_atomic(user_mem, KM_USER0);
- /*
- * Page is incompressible. Store it as-is (uncompressed)
- * since we do not want to return too many swap write
- * errors which has side effect of hanging the system.
- */
- if (unlikely(clen > max_zpage_size)) {
- clen = PAGE_SIZE;
- page_store = alloc_page(GFP_NOIO | __GFP_HIGHMEM);
- if (unlikely(!page_store)) {
+ if (unlikely(ret != LZO_E_OK)) {
mutex_unlock(&rzs->lock);
- pr_info("Error allocating memory for incompressible "
- "page: %u\n", index);
+ pr_err("Compression failed! err=%d\n", ret);
rzs_stat64_inc(rzs, &rzs->stats.failed_writes);
goto out;
}
- offset = 0;
- rzs_set_flag(rzs, index, RZS_UNCOMPRESSED);
- rzs_stat_inc(&rzs->stats.pages_expand);
- rzs->table[index].page = page_store;
- src = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
- goto memstore;
- }
+ /*
+ * Page is incompressible. Store it as-is (uncompressed)
+ * since we do not want to return too many swap write
+ * errors which has side effect of hanging the system.
+ */
+ if (unlikely(clen > max_zpage_size)) {
+ clen = PAGE_SIZE;
+ page_store = alloc_page(GFP_NOIO | __GFP_HIGHMEM);
+ if (unlikely(!page_store)) {
+ mutex_unlock(&rzs->lock);
+ pr_info("Error allocating memory for "
+ "incompressible page: %u\n", index);
+ rzs_stat64_inc(rzs, &rzs->stats.failed_writes);
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ offset = 0;
+ rzs_set_flag(rzs, index, RZS_UNCOMPRESSED);
+ rzs_stat_inc(&rzs->stats.pages_expand);
+ rzs->table[index].page = page_store;
+ src = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
+ goto memstore;
+ }
- if (xv_malloc(rzs->mem_pool, clen + sizeof(*zheader),
- &rzs->table[index].page, &offset,
- GFP_NOIO | __GFP_HIGHMEM)) {
- mutex_unlock(&rzs->lock);
- pr_info("Error allocating memory for compressed "
- "page: %u, size=%zu\n", index, clen);
- rzs_stat64_inc(rzs, &rzs->stats.failed_writes);
- goto out;
- }
+ if (xv_malloc(rzs->mem_pool, clen + sizeof(*zheader),
+ &rzs->table[index].page, &offset,
+ GFP_NOIO | __GFP_HIGHMEM)) {
+ mutex_unlock(&rzs->lock);
+ pr_info("Error allocating memory for compressed "
+ "page: %u, size=%zu\n", index, clen);
+ rzs_stat64_inc(rzs, &rzs->stats.failed_writes);
+ goto out;
+ }
memstore:
- rzs->table[index].offset = offset;
+ rzs->table[index].offset = offset;
- cmem = kmap_atomic(rzs->table[index].page, KM_USER1) +
- rzs->table[index].offset;
+ cmem = kmap_atomic(rzs->table[index].page, KM_USER1) +
+ rzs->table[index].offset;
#if 0
- /* Back-reference needed for memory defragmentation */
- if (!rzs_test_flag(rzs, index, RZS_UNCOMPRESSED)) {
- zheader = (struct zobj_header *)cmem;
- zheader->table_idx = index;
- cmem += sizeof(*zheader);
- }
+ /* Back-reference needed for memory defragmentation */
+ if (!rzs_test_flag(rzs, index, RZS_UNCOMPRESSED)) {
+ zheader = (struct zobj_header *)cmem;
+ zheader->table_idx = index;
+ cmem += sizeof(*zheader);
+ }
#endif
- memcpy(cmem, src, clen);
+ memcpy(cmem, src, clen);
- kunmap_atomic(cmem, KM_USER1);
- if (unlikely(rzs_test_flag(rzs, index, RZS_UNCOMPRESSED)))
- kunmap_atomic(src, KM_USER0);
+ kunmap_atomic(cmem, KM_USER1);
+ if (unlikely(rzs_test_flag(rzs, index, RZS_UNCOMPRESSED)))
+ kunmap_atomic(src, KM_USER0);
- /* Update stats */
- rzs->stats.compr_size += clen;
- rzs_stat_inc(&rzs->stats.pages_stored);
- if (clen <= PAGE_SIZE / 2)
- rzs_stat_inc(&rzs->stats.good_compress);
+ /* Update stats */
+ rzs->stats.compr_size += clen;
+ rzs_stat_inc(&rzs->stats.pages_stored);
+ if (clen <= PAGE_SIZE / 2)
+ rzs_stat_inc(&rzs->stats.good_compress);
- mutex_unlock(&rzs->lock);
+ mutex_unlock(&rzs->lock);
+ index++;
+ }
set_bit(BIO_UPTODATE, &bio->bi_flags);
bio_endio(bio, 0);
@@ -436,19 +418,17 @@ out:
/*
* Check if request is within bounds and page aligned.
*/
-static inline int valid_swap_request(struct ramzswap *rzs, struct bio *bio)
+static inline int valid_io_request(struct ramzswap *rzs, struct bio *bio)
{
if (unlikely(
(bio->bi_sector >= (rzs->disksize >> SECTOR_SHIFT)) ||
(bio->bi_sector & (SECTORS_PER_PAGE - 1)) ||
- (bio->bi_vcnt != 1) ||
- (bio->bi_size != PAGE_SIZE) ||
- (bio->bi_io_vec[0].bv_offset != 0))) {
+ (bio->bi_size & (PAGE_SIZE - 1)))) {
return 0;
}
- /* swap request is valid */
+ /* I/O request is valid */
return 1;
}
@@ -465,7 +445,7 @@ static int ramzswap_make_request(struct request_queue *queue, struct bio *bio)
return 0;
}
- if (!valid_swap_request(rzs, bio)) {
+ if (!valid_io_request(rzs, bio)) {
rzs_stat64_inc(rzs, &rzs->stats.invalid_io);
bio_io_error(bio);
return 0;
@@ -531,8 +511,6 @@ static int ramzswap_ioctl_init_device(struct ramzswap *rzs)
{
int ret;
size_t num_pages;
- struct page *page;
- union swap_header *swap_header;
if (rzs->init_done) {
pr_info("Device already initialized!\n");
@@ -566,19 +544,6 @@ static int ramzswap_ioctl_init_device(struct ramzswap *rzs)
}
memset(rzs->table, 0, num_pages * sizeof(*rzs->table));
- page = alloc_page(__GFP_ZERO);
- if (!page) {
- pr_err("Error allocating swap header page\n");
- ret = -ENOMEM;
- goto fail;
- }
- rzs->table[0].page = page;
- rzs_set_flag(rzs, 0, RZS_UNCOMPRESSED);
-
- swap_header = kmap(page);
- setup_swap_header(rzs, swap_header);
- kunmap(page);
-
set_capacity(rzs->disk, rzs->disksize >> SECTOR_SHIFT);
/* ramzswap devices sort of resembles non-rotational disks */
@@ -693,7 +658,7 @@ void ramzswap_slot_free_notify(struct block_device *bdev, unsigned long index)
return;
}
-static struct block_device_operations ramzswap_devops = {
+static const struct block_device_operations ramzswap_devops = {
.ioctl = ramzswap_ioctl,
.swap_slot_free_notify = ramzswap_slot_free_notify,
.owner = THIS_MODULE
@@ -737,8 +702,14 @@ static int create_device(struct ramzswap *rzs, int device_id)
/* Actual capacity set using RZSIO_SET_DISKSIZE_KB ioctl */
set_capacity(rzs->disk, 0);
+ /*
+ * To ensure that we always get PAGE_SIZE aligned
+ * and n*PAGE_SIZED sized I/O requests.
+ */
blk_queue_physical_block_size(rzs->disk->queue, PAGE_SIZE);
blk_queue_logical_block_size(rzs->disk->queue, PAGE_SIZE);
+ blk_queue_io_min(rzs->disk->queue, PAGE_SIZE);
+ blk_queue_io_opt(rzs->disk->queue, PAGE_SIZE);
add_disk(rzs->disk);
--
1.6.6.1
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