On Sun, Feb 23, 2025 at 06:53:59PM +0000, Jiwen Qi wrote:
> Briefly describe what zones are and the fields of struct zone.
>
Cc'ing Mike.
> Signed-off-by: Jiwen Qi <jiwen7.qi@xxxxxxxxx>
> ---
> Documentation/mm/physical_memory.rst | 259 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
> 1 file changed, 257 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/Documentation/mm/physical_memory.rst b/Documentation/mm/physical_memory.rst
> index 71fd4a6acf42..227997694851 100644
> --- a/Documentation/mm/physical_memory.rst
> +++ b/Documentation/mm/physical_memory.rst
> @@ -338,10 +338,265 @@ Statistics
>
> Zones
> =====
> +As we have mentioned, each zone in memory is described by a ``struct zone``
> +which is an element of the ``node_zones`` field of the node it belongs to. A
> +zone represents a range of physical memory. A zone may have holes. The
..., and may have holes.
> +``spanned_pages`` field represents the total pages spanned by the zone,
> +the ``present_pages`` field represents the physical pages existing within the
; and the ...
> +zone and the managed_page field represents the pages managed by the buddy system.
> +
> +Linux uses the GFP flags, see ``include/linux/gfp_types.h``, specified by
or (see :ref:`Documentation/core-api/mm-api.rst <mm-api-gfp-flags>` for reference on these flags)?
> +a memory allocation to determine the highest zone in a node from which
> +the memory allocation can allocate memory. Linux first allocates memory from
The kernel first ...
> +that zone, if Linux can't allocate the requested amount of memory from the zone,
> +it will allocate memory from the next lower zone in the node, the process
> +continues up to and including the lowest zone. For example, if a node contains
> +``ZONE_DMA32``, ``ZONE_NORMAL`` and ``ZONE_MOVABLE`` and the highest zone of a
> +memory allocation is ``ZONE_MOVABLE``, the order of the zones from which Linux
> +allocates memory is ``ZONE_MOVABLE`` > ``ZONE_NORMAL`` > ``ZONE_DMA32``.
... from which the kernel allocates ...
> +
> +At runtime, free pages in a zone are in the Per-CPU Pagesets (PCP) or free areas
> +of the zone. The Per-CPU Pagesets is pointed by the ``per_cpu_pageset`` filed.
> +The free areas is pointed by the ``free_area`` field. The Per-CPU Pagesets are
> +a vital mechanism in the Linux kernel's memory management system. By handling
> +most frequent allocations and frees locally on each CPU, the Per-CPU Pagesets
> +improve performance and scalability, especially on systems with many cores. The
> +page allocator in the Linux kernel employs a two-step strategy for memory
> +allocation, starting with the Per-CPU Pagesets before falling back to the buddy
> +allocator. Pages are transferred between the Per-CPU Pagesets and the global
> +free areas (managed by the buddy allocator) in batches. This minimizes the
> +overhead of frequent interactions with the global buddy allocator. Free areas in
> +a zone are represented by an array of ``free_area``, where each element
> +corresponds to a specific order which is a power of two."
> +
> +Architecture specific code calls free_area_init() to initializes zones.
> +
> +Zone structure
> +--------------
>
> -.. admonition:: Stub
> +The zones structure ``struct zone`` is declared in ``include/linux/mmzone.h``.
... defined in ...
> +Here we briefly describe fields of this structure:
>
> - This section is incomplete. Please list and describe the appropriate fields.
> +General
> +~~~~~~~
> +
> +``_watermark``
> + The watermarks for this zone. The min watermark is the point where boosting is
> + ignored and an allocation may trigger direct reclaim and direct compaction.
> + It is also used to throttle direct reclaim. The low watermark is the point
> + where kswapd is woken up. The high watermark is the point where kswapd stops
> + reclaiming (a zone is balanced) when the ``NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING``
> + bit of ``sysctl_numa_balancing_mode`` is not set. The promo watermark is used
> + for memory tiering and NUMA balancing. It is the point where kswapd stops
> + reclaiming when the ``NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING`` bit of
> + ``sysctl_numa_balancing_mode`` is set. The watermarks are set by
> + ``__setup_per_zone_wmarks()``. the min watermark is calculated according to
> + ``vm.min_free_kbytes`` sysctl. The other three watermarks are set according
> + to the distance between two watermarks. The distance is caculated according
> + to ``vm.watermark_scale_factor`` sysctl.
The distance itself is calculated taking ``vm.watermark_scale_factor`` into
account.
> +
> +``watermark_boost``
> + The number of pages which are used to boost watermarks to increase reclaim
> + pressure to reduce the likelihood of future fallbacks and wake kswapd now
> + as the node may be balanced overall and kswapd will not wake naturally.
> +
> +``nr_reserved_highatomic``
> + The number of pages which are reserved for high-order atomic allocations.
> +
> +``nr_free_highatomic``
> + The number of free pages in reserved highatomic pageblocks
> +
> +``lowmem_reserve``
> + The array of the amounts of the memory reserved in this zone for memory
> + allocations. For example, if the highest zone a memory allocation can
> + allocate memory from is ``ZONE_MOVABLE``, the amount of memory reserved in
> + this zone for this allocation is ``lowmem_reserve[ZONE_MOVABLE]`` when
> + attempting to allocate memory from this zone. The reason is that we don't know
> + if the memory that we're going to allocate will be freeable or/and it will be
> + released eventually, so to avoid totally wasting several GB of ram we must
> + reserve some of the lower zone memory (otherwise we risk to run OOM on the
> + lower zones despite there being tons of freeable ram on the higher zones).
> + This array is recalculated by ``setup_per_zone_lowmem_reserve()`` at runtime
> + if ``vm.lowmem_reserve_ratio`` sysctl changes.
> +
> +``node``
> + The index of the node this zone belongs to. Available only when
> + ``CONFIG_NUMA`` is enabled because there is only one zone in a UMA system.
> +
> +``zone_pgdat``
> + Pointer to the pglist_data of the node this zone belongs to.
> +
> +``per_cpu_pageset``
> + Pointer to the Per-CPU Pagesets (PCP) allocated and initialized by
> + ``setup_zone_pageset()``. By handling most frequent allocations and frees
> + locally on each CPU, the Per-CPU Pagesets improve performance and scalability
PCP improves ...
> + on systems with many cores.
> +
> +``pageset_high_min``
> + Copied to the ``high_min`` of the Per-CPU Pagesets for faster access.
> +
> +``pageset_high_max``
> + Copied to the ``high_max`` of the Per-CPU Pagesets for faster access.
> +
> +``pageset_batch``
> + Copied to the ``batch`` of the Per-CPU Pagesets for faster access. The
> + ``batch``, ``high_min`` and ``high_max`` of the Per-CPU Pagesets are used to
> + calculate the number of elements the Per-CPU Pagesets obtain from the buddy
> + allocator under a single hold of the lock for efficiency. They are also used
> + to decide if the Per-CPU Pagesets return pages to the buddy allocator in page
> + free process.
> +
> +``pageblock_flags``
> + The pointer to the flags for the pageblocks in the system. See
> + ``include/linux/pageblock-flags.h``. The memory is allocated in
(see ``include/linux/pageblock-flags.h`` for flags list).
> + ``setup_usemap()``. Each pageblock occupies ``NR_PAGEBLOCK_BITS`` bits.
> + Defined only when ``CONFIG_FLATMEM`` is enabled. The flags is stored in
> + ``mem_section`` when ``CONFIG_SPARSEMEM`` is enabled.
> +
> +``zone_start_pfn``
> + The start pfn of the zone. It is initialized by
> + ``calculate_node_totalpages()``.
> +
> +``managed_pages``
> + The present pages managed by the buddy system, which is calculated as:
> + ``managed_pages`` = ``present_pages`` - ``reserved_pages``, ``reserved_pages``
> + includes pages allocated by the memblock allocator. It should be used by page
> + allocator and vm scanner to calculate all kinds of watermarks and thresholds.
> + It is accessed using ``atomic_long_xxx()`` functions. It is initialized in
> + ``free_area_init_core()`` and then is reinitialized when memblock allocator
> + frees pages into buddy system.
> +
> +``spanned_pages``
> + The total pages spanned by the zone, including holes, which is calculated as:
> + ``spanned_pages`` = ``zone_end_pfn`` - ``zone_start_pfn``. It is initialized
> + by ``calculate_node_totalpages()``.
> +
> +``present_pages``
> + The physical pages existing within the zone, which is calculated as:
> + ``present_pages`` = ``spanned_pages`` - ``absent_pages`` (pages in holes). It
> + may be used by memory hotplug or memory power management logic to figure out
> + unmanaged pages by checking (``present_pages`` - ``managed_pages``). Write
> + access to ``present_pages`` at runtime should be protected by
> + ``mem_hotplug_begin/done()``. Any reader who can't tolerant drift of
> + ``present_pages`` should use ``get_online_mems()`` to get a stable value. It
> + is initialized by ``calculate_node_totalpages()``.
> +
> +``present_early_pages``
> + The present pages existing within the zone located on memory available since
> + early boot, excluding hotplugged memory. Defined only when
> + ``CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG`` is enabled and initialized by
> + ``calculate_node_totalpages()``.
> +
> +``cma_pages``
> + The pages reserved for CMA use. These pages behave like ``ZONE_MOVABLE`` when
> + they are not used for CMA. Defined only when ``CONFIG_CMA`` is enabled.
> +
> +``name``
> + The name of the zone. It is a pointer to the corresponding element of
> + the ``zone_names`` array.
> +
> +``nr_isolate_pageblock``
> + Number of isolated pageblocks. It is used to solve incorrect freepage counting
> + problem due to racy retrieving migratetype of pageblock. Protected by
> + ``zone->lock``. Defined only when ``CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION`` is enabled.
> +
> +``span_seqlock``
> + The seqlock to protect ``zone_start_pfn`` and ``spanned_pages``. It is a
> + seqlock because it has to be read outside of ``zone->lock``, and it is done in
> + the main allocator path. But, it is written quite infrequently. Defined only
However, the seqlock is ...
> + when ``CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG`` is enabled.
> +
> +``initialized``
> + The flag indicating if the zone is initialized. Set by
> + ``init_currently_empty_zone()`` during boot.
> +
> +``free_area``
> + Free areas of different sizes. It is initialized by ``zone_init_free_lists()``.
> +
> +``unaccepted_pages``
> + The list of pages to be accepted. All pages on the list are ``MAX_PAGE_ORDER``.
> + Defined only when ``CONFIG_UNACCEPTED_MEMORY`` is enabled.
> +
> +``flags``
> + The zone flags. The least three bits are used and defined by
> + ``enum zone_flags``. ``ZONE_BOOSTED_WATERMARK`` (bit 0): zone recently boosted
> + watermarks. Cleared when kswapd is woken. ``ZONE_RECLAIM_ACTIVE`` (bit 1):
> + kswapd may be scanning the zone. ``ZONE_BELOW_HIGH`` (bit 2): zone is below
> + high watermark.
> +
> +``lock``
> + The main lock that protects the internal data structures of the page allocator
> + specific to the zone, especially protects ``free_area``.
> +
> +``percpu_drift_mark``
> + When free pages are below this point, additional steps are taken when reading
> + the number of free pages to avoid per-cpu counter drift allowing watermarks
> + to be breached. It is updated in ``refresh_zone_stat_thresholds()``.
> +
> +Compaction control
> +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> +
> +``compact_cached_free_pfn``
> + The PFN where compaction free scanner should start in the next scan.
> +
> +``compact_cached_migrate_pfn``
> + The PFNs where compaction migration scanner should start in the next scan.
> + This array has two elements, the first one is used in ``MIGRATE_ASYNC`` mode,
> + the other is used in ``MIGRATE_SYNC`` mode.
This array has two elements: the first one is ..., and the other one is ...
> +
> +``compact_init_migrate_pfn``
> + The initial migration PFN which is initialized to 0 at boot time, and to the
> + first pageblock with migratable pages in the zone after a full compaction
> + finishes. It is used to check if a scan is a whole zone scan or not.
> +
> +``compact_init_free_pfn``
> + The initial free PFN which is initialized to 0 at boot time and to the last
> + pageblock with free ``MIGRATE_MOVABLE`` pages in the zone. It is used to check
> + if it is the start of a scan.
> +
> +``compact_considered``
> + The number of compactions attempted since last failure. It is reset in
> + ``defer_compaction()`` when a compaction fails to result in a page allocation
> + success. It is increased by 1 in ``compaction_deferred()`` when a compaction
> + should be skipped. ``compaction_deferred()`` is called before
> + ``compact_zone()`` is called, ``compaction_defer_reset()`` is called when
> + ``compact_zone()`` returns ``COMPACT_SUCCESS``, ``defer_compaction()`` is
> + called when ``compact_zone()`` returns ``COMPACT_PARTIAL_SKIPPED`` or
> + ``COMPACT_COMPLETE``.
> +
> +``compact_defer_shift``
> + The number of compactions skipped before trying again is
> + ``1<<compact_defer_shift``. It is increased by 1 in ``defer_compaction()``.
> + It is reset in ``compaction_defer_reset()`` when a direct compaction results
> + in a page allocation success. Its maximum value is ``COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT``.
> +
> +``compact_order_failed``
> + The minimum compaction failed order. It is set in ``compaction_defer_reset()``
> + when a compaction succeeds and in ``defer_compaction()`` when a compaction
> + fails to result in a page allocation success.
> +
> +``compact_blockskip_flush``
> + Set to true when compaction migration scanner and free scanner meet, which
> + means the ``PB_migrate_skip`` bits should be cleared.
> +
> +``contiguous``
> + Set to true when the zone is contiguous (there is no hole).
(in other words, no hole).
> +
> +Statistics
> +~~~~~~~~~~
> +
> +``vm_stat``
> + VM statistics for the zone. The items tracked are defined by
> + ``enum zone_stat_item``.
> +
> +``vm_numa_event``
> + VM NUMA event statistics for the zone. The items tracked are defined by
> + ``enum numa_stat_item``.
> +
> +``per_cpu_zonestats``
> + Per-CPU VM statistics for the zone. It records VM statistics and VM NUMA event
> + statistics on a per-CPU basis. It reduces updates to the global ``vm_stat``
> + and ``vm_numa_event`` fields of the zone to improve performance.
>
> .. _pages:
>
>
Thanks.
--
An old man doll... just what I always wanted! - Clara
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