On 2/16/24 15:38, John Hubbard wrote:
On 2/15/24 17:14, Adrian Vovk wrote:
...
Typical distro configuration is:
$ sudo dmesg |grep auto-init
[ 0.018882] mem auto-init: stack:all(zero), heap alloc:on, heap
free:off
$
So this kernel zeroes all stack memory, page and heap memory on
allocation, and does nothing on free...
I see. Thank you for all the information.
So ~5% performance penalty isn't trivial, especially to protect against
And it's more like 600% or more, on some systems. For example, imagine if
someone had a memory-coherent system that included both CPUs and GPUs,
each with their own NUMA memory nodes. The GPU has fast DMA engines that
can zero a lot of that memory very very quickly, order(s) of magnitude
faster than the CPU can clear it.
So, the GPU driver is going to clear that memory before handing it
out to user space, and all is well so far.
But init_on_alloc forces the CPU to clear the memory first, because of
the belief here that this is somehow required in order to get defense
in depth. (True, if you can convince yourself that some parts of the
kernel are in a different trust boundary than others. I lack faith
here and am not a believer in such make belief boundaries.)
As far as I can tell init_on_alloc isn't about drawing a trust boundary
between parts of the kernel, but about hardening the kernel against
mistakes made by developers, i.e. if they forget to initialize some
memory. If the memory isn't zero'd and the developer forgets to
initialize it, then potentially memory under user control (from page
cache or so) can control flow of execution in the kernel. Thus, zeroing
out the memory provides a second layer of defense even in situations
where the first layer (not using uninitialized memory) failed. Thus,
defense in depth.
Is this just an NVIDIA embedded thing (AFAIK your desktop/laptop cards
don't share memory with the CPU), or would it affect something like
Intel/AMD APUs as well?
If the GPU is so much faster at zeroing out blocks of memory in these
systems, maybe the kernel should use the GPU's DMA engine whenever it
needs to zero out some blocks of memory (I'm joking, mostly; I can
imagine it's not quite so simple)
Anyway, this situation has wasted much time, and at this point, I
wish I could delete the whole init_on_alloc feature.
Just in case you wanted an alt perspective. :)
This is all good to know, thanks.
I'm not particularly interested in init_on_alloc since it doesn't help
against cold-boot scenarios. Does init_on_free have similar performance
issues on such systems? (i.e. are you often freeing memory and then
immediately allocating the same memory in the GPU driver?)
Either way, I'd much prefer to have both turned off and only zero out
free'd memory periodically / on user request. Not on every allocation/free.
thanks,
Best,
Adrian
