For good measure I thought I should summarise my problem again, now that I've struggled with this a couple of days more. It was suggested that I should use a `nrpacks=1' argument to the snd_usb_usx2y module when using the US-122, so I have specified that using modconf. Now, if I boot with the US-122 connected, I can for starters see it using lsusb: Bus 002 Device 003: ID 1604:8007 Tascam US-122 Audio/Midi Interface This line would contain a notice if firmware hadn't been loaded to the device, so I can tell that part is working. I also see it in /proc/asound/cards: 2 [USX2Y ]: USB US-X2Y - TASCAM US-X2Y TASCAM US-X2Y (1604:8007 if 0 at 002/003) However, I still see no /dev/dsp2, and `aplay -l' lists only my internal card. Now someone has told me I should use the program usx2yloader from the alsa-firmware-loaders package to activate the US-122. However: % sudo usx2yloader -c 2 usx2yloader: error in loading /usr/share/alsa/firmware/usx2yloader/us122.rbt (us122.rbt is there and comes from the latest ALSA release.) Does anyone have a suggestion on where to go from here?