eric, thanks a lot for your thorough explanation, this might well grow into a tutorial... :-) well, two things: first, your mail did really help me a lot to understand how things work; second, reading your descriptions i realized that my envy24control wasn't working properly... may be i forgot to update it last time i upgraded my alsa-drivers. i don't know, whatever, i recompiled the version that comes with alsa 1.0.4 and then everything began to work OK. no wonder i was more confused than usual! some controls just weren't working... only one detail: > In the "Analog Volume" tab the "ADC x" sliders control your anolog to > digital converter levels. likewise the "DAC x" sliders control your > digital to analog converter levels. i only see DAC 0 and DAC 1, there are no ADC sliders. for the rest, everything is clear. best, and thanks again. lj --