On Wed, Feb 22, 2023 at 9:36 PM Alan Stern <stern@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
>
> Expand the discussion of SRCU and its read-side critical sections in
> the Linux Kernel Memory Model documentation file explanation.txt. The
> new material discusses recent changes to the memory model made in
> commit 6cd244c87428 ("tools/memory-model: Provide exact SRCU
> semantics").
>
> Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
> Cc: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
> Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@xxxxxxxxx>
> Cc: Jade Alglave <j.alglave@xxxxxxxxx>
> Cc: Luc Maranget <luc.maranget@xxxxxxxx>
> Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@xxxxxxx>
> Cc: Jonas Oberhauser <jonas.oberhauser@xxxxxxxxxx>
>
> ---
>
> Joel, please feel free to add your Co-developed-by and Signed-off-by
> tags to this patch.
Thanks!
Co-developed-by: Joel Fernandes (Google) <joel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes (Google) <joel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- Joel
>
> tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt | 178 +++++++++++++++++++++--
> 1 file changed, 167 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
>
> Index: usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> ===================================================================
> --- usb-devel.orig/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> +++ usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> @@ -28,9 +28,10 @@ Explanation of the Linux-Kernel Memory C
> 20. THE HAPPENS-BEFORE RELATION: hb
> 21. THE PROPAGATES-BEFORE RELATION: pb
> 22. RCU RELATIONS: rcu-link, rcu-gp, rcu-rscsi, rcu-order, rcu-fence, and rb
> - 23. LOCKING
> - 24. PLAIN ACCESSES AND DATA RACES
> - 25. ODDS AND ENDS
> + 23. SRCU READ-SIDE CRITICAL SECTIONS
> + 24. LOCKING
> + 25. PLAIN ACCESSES AND DATA RACES
> + 26. ODDS AND ENDS
>
>
>
> @@ -1848,14 +1849,169 @@ section in P0 both starts before P1's gr
> before it does, and the critical section in P2 both starts after P1's
> grace period does and ends after it does.
>
> -Addendum: The LKMM now supports SRCU (Sleepable Read-Copy-Update) in
> -addition to normal RCU. The ideas involved are much the same as
> -above, with new relations srcu-gp and srcu-rscsi added to represent
> -SRCU grace periods and read-side critical sections. There is a
> -restriction on the srcu-gp and srcu-rscsi links that can appear in an
> -rcu-order sequence (the srcu-rscsi links must be paired with srcu-gp
> -links having the same SRCU domain with proper nesting); the details
> -are relatively unimportant.
> +The LKMM supports SRCU (Sleepable Read-Copy-Update) in addition to
> +normal RCU. The ideas involved are much the same as above, with new
> +relations srcu-gp and srcu-rscsi added to represent SRCU grace periods
> +and read-side critical sections. However, there are some important
> +differences between RCU read-side critical sections and their SRCU
> +counterparts, as described in the next section.
> +
> +
> +SRCU READ-SIDE CRITICAL SECTIONS
> +--------------------------------
> +
> +The LKMM models uses the srcu-rscsi relation to model SRCU read-side
> +critical sections. They are different from RCU read-side critical
> +sections in the following respects:
> +
> +1. Unlike the analogous RCU primitives, synchronize_srcu(),
> + srcu_read_lock(), and srcu_read_unlock() take a pointer to a
> + struct srcu_struct as an argument. This structure is called
> + an SRCU domain, and calls linked by srcu-rscsi must have the
> + same domain. Read-side critical sections and grace periods
> + associated with different domains are independent of one
> + another; the SRCU version of the RCU Guarantee applies only
> + to pairs of critical sections and grace periods having the
> + same domain.
> +
> +2. srcu_read_lock() returns a value, called the index, which must
> + be passed to the matching srcu_read_unlock() call. Unlike
> + rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock(), an srcu_read_lock()
> + call does not always have to match the next unpaired
> + srcu_read_unlock(). In fact, it is possible for two SRCU
> + read-side critical sections to overlap partially, as in the
> + following example (where s is an srcu_struct and idx1 and idx2
> + are integer variables):
> +
> + idx1 = srcu_read_lock(&s); // Start of first RSCS
> + idx2 = srcu_read_lock(&s); // Start of second RSCS
> + srcu_read_unlock(&s, idx1); // End of first RSCS
> + srcu_read_unlock(&s, idx2); // End of second RSCS
> +
> + The matching is determined entirely by the domain pointer and
> + index value. By contrast, if the calls had been
> + rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() then they would have
> + created two nested (fully overlapping) read-side critical
> + sections: an inner one and an outer one.
> +
> +3. The srcu_down_read() and srcu_up_read() primitives work
> + exactly like srcu_read_lock() and srcu_read_unlock(), except
> + that matching calls don't have to execute on the same CPU.
> + (The names are meant to be suggestive of operations on
> + semaphores.) Since the matching is determined by the domain
> + pointer and index value, these primitives make it possible for
> + an SRCU read-side critical section to start on one CPU and end
> + on another, so to speak.
> +
> +In order to account for these properties of SRCU, the LKMM models
> +srcu_read_lock() as a special type of load event (which is
> +appropriate, since it takes a memory location as argument and returns
> +a value, just as a load does) and srcu_read_unlock() as a special type
> +of store event (again appropriate, since it takes as arguments a
> +memory location and a value). These loads and stores are annotated as
> +belonging to the "srcu-lock" and "srcu-unlock" event classes
> +respectively.
> +
> +This approach allows the LKMM to tell whether two events are
> +associated with the same SRCU domain, simply by checking whether they
> +access the same memory location (i.e., they are linked by the loc
> +relation). It also gives a way to tell which unlock matches a
> +particular lock, by checking for the presence of a data dependency
> +from the load (srcu-lock) to the store (srcu-unlock). For example,
> +given the situation outlined earlier (with statement labels added):
> +
> + A: idx1 = srcu_read_lock(&s);
> + B: idx2 = srcu_read_lock(&s);
> + C: srcu_read_unlock(&s, idx1);
> + D: srcu_read_unlock(&s, idx2);
> +
> +the LKMM will treat A and B as loads from s yielding values saved in
> +idx1 and idx2 respectively. Similarly, it will treat C and D as
> +though they stored the values from idx1 and idx2 in s. The end result
> +is much as if we had written:
> +
> + A: idx1 = READ_ONCE(s);
> + B: idx2 = READ_ONCE(s);
> + C: WRITE_ONCE(s, idx1);
> + D: WRITE_ONCE(s, idx2);
> +
> +except for the presence of the special srcu-lock and srcu-unlock
> +annotations. You can see at once that we have A ->data C and
> +B ->data D. These dependencies tell the LKMM that C is the
> +srcu-unlock event matching srcu-lock event A, and D is the
> +srcu-unlock event matching srcu-lock event B.
> +
> +This approach is admittedly a hack, and it has the potential to lead
> +to problems. For example, in:
> +
> + idx1 = srcu_read_lock(&s);
> + srcu_read_unlock(&s, idx1);
> + idx2 = srcu_read_lock(&s);
> + srcu_read_unlock(&s, idx2);
> +
> +the LKMM will believe that idx2 must have the same value as idx1,
> +since it reads from the immediately preceding store of idx1 in s.
> +Fortunately this won't matter, assuming that litmus tests never do
> +anything with SRCU index values other than pass them to
> +srcu_read_unlock() or srcu_up_read() calls.
> +
> +However, sometimes it is necessary to store an index value in a
> +shared variable temporarily. In fact, this is the only way for
> +srcu_down_read() to pass the index it gets to an srcu_up_read() call
> +on a different CPU. In more detail, we might have soething like:
> +
> + struct srcu_struct s;
> + int x;
> +
> + P0()
> + {
> + int r0;
> +
> + A: r0 = srcu_down_read(&s);
> + B: WRITE_ONCE(x, r0);
> + }
> +
> + P1()
> + {
> + int r1;
> +
> + C: r1 = READ_ONCE(x);
> + D: srcu_up_read(&s, r1);
> + }
> +
> +Assuming that P1 executes after P0 and does read the index value
> +stored in x, we can write this (using brackets to represent event
> +annotations) as:
> +
> + A[srcu-lock] ->data B[once] ->rf C[once] ->data D[srcu-unlock].
> +
> +The LKMM defines a carry-srcu-data relation to express this pattern;
> +it permits an arbitrarily long sequence of
> +
> + data ; rf
> +
> +pairs (that is, a data link followed by an rf link) to occur between
> +an srcu-lock event and the final data dependency leading to the
> +matching srcu-unlock event. carry-srcu-data is complicated by the
> +need to ensure that none of the intermediate store events in this
> +sequence are instances of srcu-unlock. This is necessary because in a
> +pattern like the one above:
> +
> + A: idx1 = srcu_read_lock(&s);
> + B: srcu_read_unlock(&s, idx1);
> + C: idx2 = srcu_read_lock(&s);
> + D: srcu_read_unlock(&s, idx2);
> +
> +the LKMM treats B as a store to the variable s and C as a load from
> +that variable, creating an undesirable rf link from B to C:
> +
> + A ->data B ->rf C ->data D.
> +
> +This would cause carry-srcu-data to mistakenly extend a data
> +dependency from A to D, giving the impression that D was the
> +srcu-unlock event matching A's srcu-lock. To avoid such problems,
> +carry-srcu-data does not accept sequences in which the ends of any of
> +the intermediate ->data links (B above) is an srcu-unlock event.
>
>
> LOCKING
