Hello Petr, I just realized that early printks, or more specific vsnprintf invocations, are broken on s390 due to 3e5903eb9cff ("vsprintf: Prevent crash when dereferencing invalid pointers"). E.g. the early boot output now looks like this where the first (efault) should be the linux_banner: [ 0.099985] (efault) [ 0.099985] setup: Linux is running as a z/VM guest operating system in 64-bit mode [ 0.100066] setup: The maximum memory size is 8192MB [ 0.100070] cma: Reserved 4 MiB at (efault) [ 0.100100] numa: NUMA mode: (efault) The reason for this, is that your code assumes that probe_kernel_address() works very early. This however is not true on at least s390. Uaccess on KERNEL_DS works only after page tables have been setup on s390, which happens with setup_arch()->paging_init(). Any probe_kernel_address() invocation before that will return -EFAULT. So how should we fix this? We could e.g. again add an arch specific version of probe_kernel_read() for s390, which would be more or less a copy of the generic variant, just that it would do something different if page tables aren't setup yet. Or... any other idea? Cc'ing linux-arch, just in case other architectures are also affected.