I retested with the following change as a sanity check: - BUG_ON(name->refcnt <= 0); + BUG_ON(atomic_read(&name->refcnt) <= 0); checkpatch.pl suggests using WARN_ON_ONCE rather than BUG. devvm ~ $ ~/linux/scripts/checkpatch.pl --patch ~/io_uring_audit_hang_atomic.patch WARNING: Do not crash the kernel unless it is absolutely unavoidable --use WARN_ON_ONCE() plus recovery code (if feasible) instead of BUG() or variants #28: FILE: fs/namei.c:262: + BUG_ON(atomic_read(&name->refcnt) <= 0); ... refcount_t uses WARN_ON_ONCE. I can think of three choices: 1. Use atomic_t and remove the BUG line. 2. Use refcount_t and remove the BUG line. 3. Use atomic_t and partially implement the warn behavior of refcount_t. Choice 1 and 2 seem better than choice 3.