Re: [Tsv-art] Tsvart last call review of draft-ietf-bfd-multipoint-16

[Bob Briscoe <ietf@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>]

Greg,

I may be wrong, in which case fine.
But I'll take each case in turn (there may not be security problems with all, but a problem with just one would still be of concern):

Multicast:
If there is an SSM tree from host A to multicast address G, I am not familiar enough with SSM to know what happens when host B sends a packet to G with source address A (i.e. spoofing A). I assume the IGMP messages build the tree back from each member to A, so usually there will be no route from B, even if it is spoofing A as the source. However, I would have thought that a host connected to the same router as A could spoof A and get onto the SSM tree. Or does SSM always check for this type of spoofing?

Directly connected.
As with multicast, even tho not every machine on the Internet could spoof the source address, surely if the link were a shared link (which is implied in this use-case) any machine on the shared link could spoof the genuine source.

MPLS
I think the MPLS case is safe, cos at each hop the label switched path is specific to each prior hop.

As I said, I may be wrong.
But, if either of the first two cases have a vulnerability in certain cases, it ought to be described in the draft, even if the vulnerability is confined to a specific set of circumstances.


Bob

On 11/06/18 19:14, Greg Mirsky wrote:

Hi Bob,

thank you for the most thoughtful and helpful comments. It was not my intention to pull you into re-designing of the specification. I've accepted all the editorial updates, applied them to the new working version.

I have to admit that I'm bit confused that you see lack of 3WHS in mpBFD as the significantly increased risk of the spoofing attack on leaves. The BFD Control packet is expected to be received by a leave from one of the following:

• multicast path;
• directly connected;
• p2mp/mp2mp MPLS LSP.

For the first scenario, as I understand, a host must first use multicast control protocol to join the multicast path.

For the second - it is reasonable to assume, as in VRRP and PIM-SM drafts I've referenced earlier, that BFD control packet be required to have IP TTL == 1 and mcast IP address of link scope.

And the third, I think, is similar to #1 above.

If these considerations are technically accurate, I'll work on the text for Assumptions section.

Regards,

Greg

On Thu, Jun 7, 2018 at 5:02 PM, Bob Briscoe <ietf@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:

Greg,

Your responses are AOK now.

Remaining Security Vulnerability

I think you may have misunderstood my point about vulnerability to source address spoofing without a 3WHS. When you said in response:

Would you suggest additional text to a use case where the new demultiplexing is not sufficent to protect from source address spoofing?

I said:

[BB]: I seem to have become co-opted into redesigning this protocol. I'd prefer to limit my involvement to reviewing :)

If this wasn't clear, I meant, "I believe this protocol has a security problem that needs to be fixed. But it's your job to fix it, not mine."

If you can't fix it, I suggested that you need to at least add a section listing all the limitations when a multipoint scheme has no back channel (the others being no feedback on timing control and no way to set up asymmetric authentication).


Apologies, if the following is already obvious to you, but it is safer to be over-cautious:
The text you originally quoted in response to my point about 3WHS uses the source address as part of the identification of a session. That is the problem (not a solution). If a malicious host M masquerading as the source S spoofs the source address of S in its packets, the tails will not be able to tell that these packets are not from S.

A 3WHS (e.g. as in TCP) is a simple way to address this vulnerability, by the tails using the routing system to send a packet to the location where the source claims to be sending from. I.e. the tail returns a packet to address S with some random information in it (in TCP's case, the initial sequence number). If S genuinely initiated the handshake, it will reflect the random info to the tail in the 3rd way of the handshake. If M is masquerading as S, it will not receive the 2nd way of the handshake. And it won't be able to spoof the 3rd way without the random info.

Without a 3WHS, multipoint BFD does not check that the source address is genuine.


Some (mostly editorial) comments from scanning the diff:

In the intro, the para starting "As an option, the tail may notify the head..." is prerequisite info that needs to come before the para ending "even without the existence of some kind of a return path to the head."

s/in the received by MultipointTail BFD Control packet/
 /in the received MultipointTail BFD Control packet/

s/entire/the entire/ (twice)

Section 6 (Assumptions) has no flow of logic between the new text and the pre-existing text. It would be better to switch the order of the paras.


Otherwise, I think my comments are becoming increasingly less useful, so I'll stop. I don't know enough about the whole ecosystem around this draft to be any more helpful, I think.


Bob

On 05/06/18 03:23, Greg Mirsky wrote:

Hi Bob,

thank you for further clarifications and the new ideas. Please find my follow-up in-line and tagger GIM2>>.

I'll check for nits and grammar and will publish the new version shortly.

Regards,

Greg

On Tue, May 29, 2018 at 3:22 AM, Bob Briscoe <ietf@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:

Greg,

On 26/05/18 20:49, Greg Mirsky wrote:

Hi Bob,

thank you for the thorough review, detailed questions and helpful comments. Please find my answers in-line and tagged GIM>>.

I've updated the working version of the draft based on your comments and suggestions. Appreciate your feedback whether all questions have been addressed.

Attached please find the diff of -16 and the working version and the copy of the working version of the draft.

Regards,

Greg

On Mon, May 21, 2018 at 5:20 PM, Bob Briscoe <ietf@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:

Reviewer: Bob Briscoe
Review result: Not Ready

Altho this is a TSV-ART review, I did not find many transport-related issues to
focus on, except a need to justify why lack of information for adapting the
transmit interval is not an issue.

Nonetheless, I did find a few other non-trivial technical issues, including 2
security issues, enumerated below (I mis-spent some of my early research career
working on a multicast session control and security, for which we used
beaconing control channels). However, I only have passing prior knowledge of
BFD, so my critique might be off-beam.

==Main Technical Concerns===

1/ Mandatory return path?
RFC5880 is the base RFC that this draft updates. RFC5880 says that
"unidirectional links" are in scope, but only as long as there is a return path.

The introduction of this bfd-multipoint draft seems to contradict that, making
a return path optional: "
   As an option, the tail may notify the head of the lack of multipoint
   connectivity.  Details of tail notification to the head are outside
   the scope of this document.
"
It's allowable for irrelevant details to be outside the scope, but surely it
needs to be clear whether at least the existence of a return path is mandatory.

GIM>> Thank you for highlighting this issue. I think that the second paragraph of Introduction is the appropriate place to note that this mechanism does not require existence of a return path from tails to the head. Would the following be acceptable:

NEW TEXT:

   Use of BFD in

   Demand mode enables a tail monitor availability of a multipoint path

   even without the existence of some kind of a return path to the head.

2/ Mechanism for verifying connectivity, or not?
The introduction seems to contradict itself:
"
   As multipoint transmissions are inherently unidirectional, this
   mechanism purports only to verify this unidirectional connectivity.
"
"
   Term "connectivity" in this document is not being used in the context
   of connectivity verification in transport network but as an
   alternative to "continuity", i.e. existence of a forwarding path
   between the sender and the receiver.
"
How can this mechanism verify connectivity, but not be used in the context of
connectivity verification in the transport network?

GIM>> This draft defines the base specification for multipoint BFD. In order for multipoint BFD to support the transport-like connectivity verification we need to do work similar to described in RFC 6428. 

[BB]: Caveat: I am having to talk in generalizations, cos I don't actually know how you are going to get this protocol to work in a wide range of circumstances, given inherent problems like multipoint feedback implosion {Note 1}.

My point was that, having broken up the drafts in this way, this draft on its own no longer defined a workable protocol. Therefore, it needed some references to other drafts (even if they are placeholders), so that the extent of the pre-requisite collection of work is clear. The refs you give later go a long way to fixing this issue.

If each pre-requisite protocol is intended to only represent one example, the citation can say that and the ref can be informative. But with zero examples for all the prerequisite parts, all the reader sees is a dismembered octopus, not a protocol.

3/ Use case
The introduction seems to be written rather academically. Surely, in cases
where there is never a return path, only the tails will ever be able to verify
connectivity. The head could continue transmitting BFD packets (and data
packets) for years without ever knowing whether it is connected to anything.
Knowledge of connectivity is surely of little use if it excludes the link
sender, which is the node that always controls routing.

If there are scenarios where it is useful for tails but not the head to be able
to verify connectivity, can you please give a concrete example?

GIM>> One example could be a multicast system with 1+1 protection. Without multipoint BFD tails would not be able to detect the failure of the muticast path from the head. Other examples discussed in several drafts:

• BESS WG draft MVPN fast upstream failover
• Individual draft BFD for Multipoint Networks and VRRP Use Case
• Individual draft BFD for Multipoint Networks and PIM-SM Use Case

I am not sure how references to non-WG drafts affect the progress of this document. Appreciate your suggestion.

[BB]: In my experience, informative refs to non-WG drafts as use-cases would be OK during doc development. However, if a non-WG draft fails to proceed, its citation has to be removed later. So choose those that are most likely to proceed.

Nonetheless, if you cite some specs that turn this into a workable protocol (see previous issue) use-cases might not be necessary.

GIM2>> I've added reference to use of this mechanism in BGP/MPLS MVPN. 

4/ Interval adaptation
Text is needed to describe why it is not an issue for the head to be unaware
whether it needs to adapt its transmit interval. Otherwise, this seems
potentially problematic.

GIM>> Very interesting, thank you. I wouldn't say that the case when a tail cannot process incoming mpBFD control packets at the offered rate is entirely non-issue. Such scenario must be handled by the implementation and may be controlled by local policy, e.g., close the MultipointTail session.

[BB]: Fair enough.

In some scenarios, this issue will not necessarily be so unlikely tho:
* If asymmetric crypto is used to solve the group message authentication problem (see later), the processing burden on any lightweight endpoints might lead to message verification leaving less available processor resource than needed for the host's other tasks.
* Each tail might be joined to a very large number of multipoint sessions.

Where would you suggest to add the text?

I would suggest a new section listing potential issues when there is no back channel.

GIM2>> I've tried to start the new section but decided to insert the note in the first paragraph of Timer Manipulation section. Hope that is acceptable. 

5/ Inability to authenticate the sender with symmetric keys
In unicast scenarios, symmetric keys can be used for message authentication,
because each end knows there is only one other node with the shared key. But,
in multipoint scenarios, all the tails would share the key, so a shared key
does not authenticate who sent the message - any tail can spoof the head from
the viewpoint of the other tails.

Therefore text is needed to say that:
* multipoint message authentication is limited to cases where all tails are
trusted not to spoof the head, if shared keys are used. * otherwise asymmetric
message authentication would be needed, e.g. TESLA [RFC4082]

GIM>> Thank you for the suggested text. Would the Security Considerations section be appropriate place:

[BB]: Well, the point limits the applicability of the assumption about security in 5. 'Assumptions', so this would fit well there.
Then "Security Considerations" should point to everywhere in the doc that discusses security, such as this (to save time for security reviewers).

NEW TEXT:

   Use of shared keys to authenticate BFD Control packet in multipoint

   scenarios is limited because tail can spoof the head from the

   viewpoint of the other tails.  Thus, if shared keys are used, all

   tails MUST be trusted not to spoof the head. 

[BB]: Normally a MUST is applied to implementations. It would be rather odd to require users/operators to satisfy a spec requirement, particularly requiring them to trust each other. I think this should be written as an applicability statement not a normative requirement.

GIM2>> I've adopted text suggested by Spencer and moved the paragraph to section Assumption.

Otherwise, asymmetric

   message authentication would be needed, e.g., Timed Efficient Stream

   Loss-Tolerant Authentication (TESLA) as described in [RFC4082].

[BB]: If you are going to allow for cases where all tails are trusted not to spoof the head, then the assumption written in section 5 is no longer correct.

[FYI, RFC4082 is only a generic description. Many RFCs have been written to authenticate specific protocols along TESLA lines.]

A related nit: Section 5 says all tails are assumed to have a common
authentication key. In cases with symmetric message authentication, surely the
head also needs the same key.

GIM>> Thank you. Please check the updated text:

NEW TEXT:

   If authentication is in use, the head and all tails must be

   configured to have a common authentication key in order for the tails

   to validate received the multipoint BFD Control packets.

[BB]: Yup. Except delete "received the".
Also see above about whether this is now a correct assumption.

GIM2>> I think that s/must/may/ will keep the Assumption valid. 

6/ Source address spoofing
A 3-way handshake makes a protocol robust against simple source address
spoofing. Without a 3WHS, surely the spec. needs to highlight this
vulnerability or discuss ways to address it or why it is not an issue.

GIM>> Because mpBFD control packets cannot be demultiplexed by  tail based on the value of Your Discriminator field as per RFC 5880,

the new procedure outlined in Section 4.7:

   IP and MPLS multipoint tails MUST demultiplex BFD packets based on a

   combination of the source address, My Discriminator and the identity

   of the multipoint tree which the Multipoint BFD Control packet was

   received from.  Together they uniquely identify the head of the

   multipoint path.

and described in details in Section 4.13.2:

      If the Multipoint (M) bit is set

         If the Your Discriminator field is nonzero, the packet MUST be

         discarded.

         Select a session as based on source address, My Discriminator

         and the identity of the multipoint tree which the Multipoint

         BFD Control packet was received.  If a session is found, and

         bfd.SessionType is not MultipointTail, the packet MUST be

         discarded.  If a session is not found, a new session of type

         MultipointTail MAY be created, or the packet MAY be discarded.

         This choice is outside the scope of this specification.

Would you suggest additional text to a use case where the new demultiplexing is not sufficent to protect from source address spoofing?

[BB]: I seem to have become co-opted into redesigning this protocol. I'd prefer to limit my involvement to reviewing :)

7/ Scope
On eight occasions an issue is raised, but resolution is stated as outside the
scope of this document. It is OK to limit the scope of a spec, for example to
allow for multiple solutions to each issue. But at least one solution must
already exist for each of these eight issues. So, at least one example solution
ought to be cited in each case. If any issues are open, then this should not be
on the standards track.

It would be more useful to state why each issue is out of scope. This would be
helped by stating from the start what the scope of the document is.

GIM>> I've listed all eight occasions with the explanation for each one:

1. Details of tail notification to the head are outside the scope of this document. - Notifications by tails addressed in draft-ietf-bfd-multipoint-active-tail. Will add as informational reference.

[BB]: Good.

Nonetheless, given you have confirmed that a reverse path is optional, the doc still needs to address the case where there is no reverse path.

GIM2>> Introduction notes:

 Use of BFD in Demand mode enables a tail monitor availability

 of a multipoint path even without the existence of some kind of a

 return path to the head.

{Note 1} For the active tail draft, you might find the following ideas for scaling multipoint feedback useful:

Statistical feedback:
Nonnenmacher, Jö. & Biersack, E.W., "Scalable Feedback for Large Groups," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 7(3):375--386 (June 1999)

FUHRMANN, T., AND WIDMER, J. "On the scaling of feedback algorithms for very large multicast groups," Computer Communications 24, 5-6 (March 2001), 539 547;
WIDMER, J., AND FUHRMANN, T. Extremum feedback for very large multicast groups. Tech. Rep. TR 12-2001, Prakfische Informatik IV, University of Mannheim, Germany, May 2001.

Also, anycast can be used to select different representative feedback tails, e.g. for a certain time, which might overlap with the periods for which a few other tails are selected using subsequent anycasts.

Logical 'AND' feedback:
Burbridge, T., Soppera, A., Briscoe, R. and Jacquet, A. "Method and device for co-ordinating networked group members" Patent WO2004059479, (Jul 2004; Priority 24 Dec 2002)
[AFAICT this patent is still being maintained, so use of it in a protocol would require an IPR declaration.]

1. Details of how the head keeps track of tails and how tails alert their connectivity to the head are outside scope of this document. - Same as #1.

[BB]: And my response is same as #1.

1. Bootstrapping BFD session to multipoint MPLS LSP in case of penultimate hop popping is outside the scope of this document. - It may use control plane as in MVPN draft. Will add as informational reference.

[BB]: Good.

1. Use of other types of encapsulation of the BFD control message over multipoint LSP is outside the scope of this document. - This in reference to ACH encapsulation that is discussed in draft-mirsky-mpls-p2mp-bfd. Should it be added as informational reference? What would be the imacpt of progressing this specification?

[BB]: See earlier comment about citing individual drafts (I don't have enough BFD knowledge to give a BFD-specific answer).

Also, in my review I should also have said: when creating new encapsulations, pls see the common transport issues related to encapsulation:
https://trac.ietf.org/trac/tsv/wiki/tsvdir-common-issues#TunnelingprotocolsandTransportRelatedIssues

1. Change in the value of bfd.RequiredMinRxInterval is outside the scope of this document. - Same as #1.

[BB]: And my response is same as #1.

1. If a session is not found, a new session of type MultipointTail MAY be created, or the packet MAY be discarded. This choice is outside the scope of this specification. - I propose to add "based on local policy" to the last sentence.

[BB]: On what basis will local policy decide? It's my job as a reviewer to ensure that this spec does not contain any loose ends (open issues).

GIM2>> It could be based on the maximum number of MultipointTail sessions and number of active MultipointTail sessions on the node. I'd clarify it as:

  This choice MAY be controlled by the local policy, e.g. maximum number of 

  MultipointTail sessions and number of active MultipointTail sessions,

  and is outside the scope of this specification.

1. The exact method of selection is application-specific and is thus outside the scope of this specification. - This is copied from RFC 5880: "The exact method of selection is application specific and is thus outside the scope of this specification." as the section is to replace Section 6.8.6.

[BB]: OK.

1. If a matching session is not found, a new session of type PointToPoint MAY be created, or the packet MAY be discarded. This choice is outside the scope of this specification. - Same as #6.

[BB]: And my response is same as #6.
[Sry, my embedded comments have broken your numbered list.]

 

There is also one issue that is "for further discussion". Does this mean the
document is not ready yet?

GIM>> I think that the question left for further discussion is non-technical:

   The semantic difference between Down and AdminDown state is for

   further discussion. 

I propose to remove the sentence altogether.

[BB]: OK.

8/ Incremental deployment

Section 4.4.1.  "New State Variable Values" defines bfd.SessionType =
PointToPoint as well as a couple of Multipoint alternatives. Presumably this
spec does not require all existing PointToPoint systems to support this state
value. Is the implication that only Multipoint systems that happen to be in
PointToPoint mode should use this state?

GIM>> You're aboultely right, existing implementations of BFD don't need to support bfd.SessionType variable. Only implementations that support the base BFD, single-hop or multi-hop, and this specification, mpBFD, should support bfd.SessionType and set it to PointToPoint value when BFD is in single-hop or multi-hop mode. When in mpBFD mode, bfd.SessionType will be set to either MultipointHead or MultipointClient.

[BB]: Doesn't something need to be written (or referenced) to clarify all this? AFAIR, this spec. never made clear that multipoint is a fork in implementations.

GIM2>> And so is S-BFD. (Note, bfd.SessionType introduced in RFC 7880 S-BFD but missed to define PointToPoint value). 

==Nits==

* Sometimes 'tree' is used to mean a multipoint path in general. I suspect
'path' was intended.

GIM>> I've found six occasions of "tree" and s/tree/path/ 

4.8.  Packet consumption on tails
s/Node/Nodes/
s/packet/packets/
s/demultiplex/demultiplexed/

GIM>> Accepted all three. 

4.9.  Bringing Up and Shutting Down Multipoint BFD Service
"
   a newly
   started head (that does not have any previous state information
   available) SHOULD start with...
"
...
"
   ... (so long as the restarted head
   is using the same or a larger value of bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval than
   it did previously).
"
If it has no state available, how can it know whether a value is larger than
previously?

GIM>> You are right, the BFD system at the head would not know the previous value of bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval. This text is to caution operator from decreasing  bfd.DesiredMinTxInterval upon restart of the BFD system.

4.9.  Bringing Up and Shutting Down Multipoint BFD Service
There are a number of "SHOULD"s and "SHOULD NOT"s that do not state or give
examples of circumstances in which the "SHOULD" would not be appropriate. If
there are none, "MUST" would be more appropriate.

GIM>> In the first paragraph SHOULD may not be followed if the implementation can differentiate between the very first start and restarts of BFD system. If it is the first start of BFD system, the head MAY directly progress to Up state skipping Down state.

The last paragraph describes graceful shuttdown. The head MAY shut the BFD mp session abruptly by just stopping transmission of BFD Control packets.

[BB]: I assume you will say all this in the next rev, not just in this email.

GIM2>> Appended the following:

NEW TEXT:

Alternatively, the head MAY stop transmitting BFD Control packets 

and not send any more BFD Control packets with the new state (Down or AdminDown). Tails

will declare the multipoint session down only after the detection time interval runs out. 

4.10.  Timer Manipulation
"
   Because of the one-to-many mapping, a session of type MultipointHead
   SHOULD NOT initiate a Poll Sequence in conjunction with timer value
   changes.  However, to indicate a change in the packets,
   MultipointHead session MUST send packets with the P bit set.
   MultipointTail session MUST NOT reply if the packet has M and P bits
   set and bfd.RequiredMinRxInterval set to 0.
"
The initial "SHOULD NOT" needs to be written another way. Perhaps
"
   ...a session of type MultipointHead
   does not initiate a Poll Sequence
"
The head's normative action is defined by the following "MUST", then the tail's
"MUST NOT reply" is what prevents the poll sequence happening.

GIM>> A Poll Sequence starts with the initiator setting Poll bit. Unless the peer sends BFD Control packet with Finl bit set the poll sequence would continue indefinetely. The initial SHOULD NOT, in my opinion, correctly points that the mechanism of Poll Sequence not to be used by MultipointHead when changing transmission interval. I think that MUST in the first paragraph can be downgraded to MAY because the MultipointHead doesn't need to use transition period when changing the transmission interval to lower level, i.e., decreasing frequency. May I propose the following:

OLD TEXT:

   Because of the one-to-many mapping, a session of type MultipointHead

   SHOULD NOT initiate a Poll Sequence in conjunction with timer value

   changes.  However, to indicate a change in the packets,

   MultipointHead session MUST send packets with the P bit set.

NEW TEXT:

   Because of the one-to-many mapping, a session of type MultipointHead

   SHOULD NOT initiate a Poll Sequence in conjunction with timer value

   changes.  However, to indicate a change in the packets,

   MultipointHead session MAY send packets with the P bit set during transition period.

[BB]: If I were an implementer, I would not know what this is saying I ought to implement. The spec needs to answer this question: If the head changes the packets what happens differently if it sets the P bit vs. if it doesn't?

GIM2>> I think we can expect that the implementer is familiar with RFC 5880 and, very likely, has implemented it one or more times already. 

4.11.  Detection Times
Delete "in the calculation" (repetition).

GIM>> Done. 

4.13.1.  Reception of BFD Control Packets
Some actions seem to be only relevant to PointToPoint sessions, but they are
stated for all session types. Specifically: "the transmission of Echo packets,
if any, MUST cease." "the Poll Sequence MUST be terminated." "MUST cease the
periodic transmission of BFD Control packets" "MUST send periodic BFD Control
packets"

"
If bfd.SessionType is PointToPoint, update the Detection Time as
      described in section 6.8..4 of [RFC5880].  If bfd.SessionType is
      MultipointTail,
"
The second sentence above ought to start on a new line as an Else if.

GIM>> Hope I got it right:

      If bfd.SessionType is PointToPoint, update the Detection Time as

      described in section 6.8.4 of [RFC5880].

      Else

         If bfd.SessionType is MultipointTail, then update the Detection

         Time as the product of the last received values of Desired Min

         TX Interval and Detect Mult, as described in Section 5.11 of

         this specification. 

4.13.2.  Demultiplexing BFD Control Packets
"
   This section is part of the replacement for [RFC5880] section 6.8.6,
   separated for clarity.
"
Do you mean "This section replaces the sentence: "If the Multipoint (M) bit is
nonzero, the packet MUST be discarded." in [RFC5880] section 6.8.6?

The statements under "If the Multipoint (M) bit is set" are not formatted like
the rest of the if-else logic, and I think an Else is missing at the start of
the statement after the nested "If"..

GIM>> Agree, the paragraph is not structured properly. How about this formating:

      If the Multipoint (M) bit is set

         If the Your Discriminator field is nonzero, the packet MUST be

         discarded.

         Select a session as based on source address, My Discriminator

         and the identity of the multipoint path which the Multipoint

         BFD Control packet was received.

         If a session is found, and bfd.SessionType is not

         MultipointTail, the packet MUST be discarded.

         Else

            If a session is not found, a new session of type

            MultipointTail MAY be created, or the packet MAY be

            discarded.  This choice is outside the scope of this

            specification. 

[BB]: As long as this represents the logic you want, fine. The point is that the indentation is the only clue to whether one 'if' is conditional on a previous 'if', or not.

HTH

Bob

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________________________________________________________________
Bob Briscoe                               http://bobbriscoe.net/

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Bob Briscoe                               http://bobbriscoe.net/

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