My own opinion is related but not identical. I agree solutions 1 and 3 are failures; 1 doesn’t provide the trust and 3 doesn’t scale. Solution 2 is also problematic because the government tends to overreach and there isn’t a single government.
DNSSEC provides a base platform to build upon. It doesn’t claim to provide the level of trust the CA system tried to provide. That’s a key strength, not a weakness.
Steve
On Apr 9, 2014, at 4:08 PM, Theodore Ts'o <tytso@xxxxxxx> wrote:
> On Wed, Apr 09, 2014 at 12:17:35PM -0500, Dave Crocker wrote:
>>
>> The interesting premise in the suggestion is that a web of trust key
>> management model is useful at Internet scale.
>>
>> I don't understand why anyone believes that.
>
> The problem is that nearly all solutions to the PKI problem I've seen
> to date fall into three classes, all of which have problems (which is
> why there is the oft-retold joke about how any protocol which requires
> a PKI is doomed).
>
> 1) The current "race to the bottom" multiple competing CA model, which
> while scalable, has had some rather spectacular failures, of which
> Diginotar is only one example.
>
> 2) Trust the government to run the CA ("I'm from the government, and
> I'm here to help!") --- which raises questions of "which government"
> and "how do you trust that someone won't invoke 'national security' as
> the root password to the Constitution / Fundamental Rights" to abuse
> the trust that the government would have it served as the CA?
>
> 3) The PGP web of trust model, which doesn't scale to the Internet,
> but which is good enough for small communities for which high trust is
> extremely important (for example, such as Debian Developers and the
> Linux kernel.org keyrings).
>
> I suspect #1 could have gotten traction as far as usage is concerned,
> if the pricing model for a given level of security had been attractive
> enough and if it had been sufficiently easy for mere mortals to get
> x509 user certificates. But as it is, #3 has been winning out as far
> as usage because the people who care enough about security to go do
> the extra work are also the folks who (a) don't trust the CA's, and/or
> (b) are too cheap to be willing to pay what the CA's want to charge,
> and so the PGP web of trust model is quite suited for their needs.
>
> At the end, because the use cases and the requirements for different
> communities are quite different, I think the only thing that has a
> chance is some kind of hybrid solution. Because questions of format
> aside, the main difference between all of these schemes is who do you
> put in your trusted root, and how much cerifying delegation do you
> allow?
>
> If you're the US military and you let the NSA handle all of your key
> management needs, that's one answer. If you're a web browser, you
> mark several dozen or several hundred CA's (depending on how you
> count), and that's another answer. If you're a Linux kernel developer
> and you want to get an account on kernel.org and be able to sign git
> tags, you need to either be directly signed by one of four or five
> trusted root individuals, or have 3 signatures by keys that are signed
> by the root individuals, and that's yet another answer.
>
> What we really need is widely deployed software which can support all
> of these different use cases, and deal with the fact that there is
> significant base deployed that will add resistance to switching to a
> whole new certificate format. (For example, x509 certs have a large
> amount of infrastructure, but so do PGP --- there are smart card and
> Yubikey NEO's that support storage of private keys for PGP and ssh on
> hardware tokens.) And so I might want to use one of PKI policy when
> validating e-mail sent by a fellow kernel developer, and use a
> different PKI policy if I'm talking to a stranger someone for whom the
> only authentication path is via some "race to the bottom" cerifying
> authority, and where my trust requirements might be different.
>
> I'll note that I can mostly do that today, because my mail user agent
> (mutt) supports both S/MIME and PGP. So any proposed solution should
> ideally be better than what we can do today with that kind of support
> (namely, adding both S/MIME and PGP into the mail client).
>
> Cheers,
>
> - Ted
>