Randall, RRSh> Now of course if the application wants to be aware, it can "subscribe to RRSh> events" that let it know that it happened. That sounds remarkably like a "presence" service. d/ -- Dave Crocker <dcrocker-at-brandenburg-dot-com> Brandenburg InternetWorking <www.brandenburg.com> Sunnyvale, CA USA <tel:+1.408.246.8253>