tiering: emergency demotions

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Emergency demotions will be required whenever writes breach the
hi-watermark. Emergency demotions are required to avoid ENOSPC in case
of continuous writes that originate on the hot tier.

There are two concerns in this area:

1. enforcing max-cycle-time during emergency demotions
   max-cycle-time is the time the tiering daemon spends in promotions or
   demotions
   I tend to think that the tiering daemon skip this check for the
   emergency situation and continue demotions until the watermark drops
   below the hi-watermark

2. file demotion policy
   I tend to think that evicting the largest file with the most recent
   *write* should be chosen for eviction when write-freq-threshold is
   NON-ZERO.
   Choosing a least written file is just going to delay file migration
   of an active file which might consume hot tier disk space resulting
   in a ENOSPC, in the worst case.
   In cases where write-freq-threshold are ZERO, the most recently
   *written* file can be chosen for eviction.
   In the case of choosing the largest file within the
   write-freq-threshold, a stat() on the files would be required to
   calculate the number of files that need to be demoted to take the
   watermark below the hi-watermark. Finding the number of most recently
   written files to demote could also help make demotions in parallel
   rather than in the sequential manner currently in place.

Comments are requested.

--
Milind
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