I see the latest change about `git apply --3way` is 923cd87, but it doesn't seem to have been fully tested (in t4108-apply-threeway.sh). On latest Git version 2.32.0, consider test case below: " test_expect_success 'apply binary file patch with --3way' ' # 1. on new branch, commit binary file git checkout -b left && cat "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-1.png >bin.png && git add bin.png && git commit -m "add binary file" && # 2. based on left_bin branch, make any change, and commit git checkout -b right && cat bin.png bin.png > bin.png && git add bin.png && git commit -m "update binary file" && # 3. make patch git diff --binary left..right >bin.diff && # apply --3way, and it will fail test_must_fail git apply --index --3way bin.diff ' " But "git apply --index --3way bin.diff" will not faill on Git version 2.31.0.