As additional data points, the performance with several versions of gcc (as packaged in Debian testing/unstable): | gcc-9 | gcc-10 | gcc-11 | gcc-12 | ------------|-------|--------|--------|--------| -std=c99 | 24 | 23.5 | 23 | 23 | -std=gnu18 | 43 | 16.8 | 38 | 38 | One can see that the performance stays relatively constant with -std=c99, but varies significantly with -std=gnu18. -- Stéphane