Hi, Looking at the assembler for this speculative code, I saw that without asm volatile, the second call to rdrand was removed and the value "low" used twice. gcc 4.6.1 with any optimization turned on. It looks to me like this optimization will stop the code working. My question is: is this my ignorance of inline assembler (most likely) or is it a bug in gcc which I should report? I know its a new instruction. The retry loop etc is removed to simplify the test case. #include <stdio.h> typedef unsigned long long qword; // #define asm __asm__ __volatile__ int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) { qword result; /* for 32 bit mode call rdrand twice */ unsigned int low, high; asm( "rdrand %0" : "=r" (low) ); asm( "rdrand %0" : "=r" (high) ); result = ((qword)high << 32U) | low; printf("64 bit random number: %llu\n", result ); } // with asm volatile #APP # 17 "rand.c" 1 rdrand edx # low # 0 "" 2 # 18 "rand.c" 1 rdrand eax # high # 0 "" 2 #NO_APP mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], edx #, low mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], eax #, high mov DWORD PTR [esp], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 #, call printf # // without volatile #APP # 14 "rand.c" 1 rdrand eax # low # 0 "" 2 #NO_APP mov ebp, esp #, .cfi_def_cfa_register 5 and esp, -16 #, sub esp, 16 #, mov DWORD PTR [esp+4], eax #, low mov DWORD PTR [esp+8], eax #, low mov DWORD PTR [esp], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0 #, call printf #