Gang-Ryung Uh <uh18104@xxxxxxxxx> writes: > Please allow me to ask one more question. How about > incoming parameters? (the running example that I used > has > three int type arguments - in other words, caller > (main) will > pushl 3 times to pass the arguments in the stack). > Aren't > incoming parameters considered as the part of > activation > record (stack frame)? gcc will try to align the stack to the preferred stack boundary (default 16) at function entry. For this purpose the incoming parameters are part of the caller's stack frame. Ian