The following changes since commit c3a1b740381cb19e467c8588562bac4d6cbbb199:
Fix skewed latencies for rate IOPS (2013-03-07 12:34:31 +0100)
are available in the git repository at:
git://git.kernel.dk/fio.git master
Alex Pyrgiotis (2):
Improve LFSR implementation
Add a simple test for LFSR generator
Jens Axboe (1):
lfsr: indent table
Makefile | 9 ++
filesetup.c | 2 +-
lib/lfsr.c | 421 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------------
lib/lfsr.h | 12 +-
t/axmap.c | 2 +-
t/lfsr-test.c | 127 +++++++++++++++++
6 files changed, 334 insertions(+), 239 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 t/lfsr-test.c
---
Diff of recent changes:
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index d55626d..023557c 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -141,15 +141,21 @@ T_AXMAP_OBJS = t/axmap.o
T_AXMAP_OBJS += lib/lfsr.o lib/axmap.o
T_AXMAP_PROGS = t/axmap
+T_LFSR_TEST_OBJS = t/lfsr-test.o
+T_LFSR_TEST_OBJS += lib/lfsr.o
+T_LFSR_TEST_PROGS = t/lfsr-test
+
T_OBJS = $(T_SMALLOC_OBJS)
T_OBJS += $(T_IEEE_OBJS)
T_OBJS += $(T_ZIPF_OBJS)
T_OBJS += $(T_AXMAP_OBJS)
+T_OBJS += $(T_LFSR_TEST_OBJS)
T_PROGS = $(T_SMALLOC_PROGS)
T_PROGS += $(T_IEEE_PROGS)
T_PROGS += $(T_ZIPF_PROGS)
T_PROGS += $(T_AXMAP_PROGS)
+T_PROGS += $(T_LFSR_TEST_PROGS)
ifneq ($(findstring $(MAKEFLAGS),s),s)
ifndef V
@@ -204,6 +210,9 @@ t/genzipf: $(T_ZIPF_OBJS)
t/axmap: $(T_AXMAP_OBJS)
$(QUIET_LINK)$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $(T_AXMAP_OBJS) $(LIBS) $(LDFLAGS)
+t/lfsr-test: $(T_LFSR_TEST_OBJS)
+ $(QUIET_LINK)$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $(T_LFSR_TEST_OBJS) $(LIBS) $(LDFLAGS)
+
fio: $(OBJS)
$(QUIET_LINK)$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $(OBJS) $(LIBS) $(LDFLAGS)
diff --git a/filesetup.c b/filesetup.c
index 220ceb9..57553c9 100644
--- a/filesetup.c
+++ b/filesetup.c
@@ -966,7 +966,7 @@ int init_random_map(struct thread_data *td)
seed = td->rand_seeds[FIO_RAND_BLOCK_OFF];
- if (!lfsr_init(&f->lfsr, blocks, seed))
+ if (!lfsr_init(&f->lfsr, blocks, seed, seed & 0xF))
continue;
} else if (!td->o.norandommap) {
f->io_axmap = axmap_new(blocks);
diff --git a/lib/lfsr.c b/lib/lfsr.c
index 61a3aaf..a835404 100644
--- a/lib/lfsr.c
+++ b/lib/lfsr.c
@@ -1,278 +1,233 @@
#include <stdio.h>
+#include <math.h>
#include "lfsr.h"
/*
- * From table 3 of
+ * LFSR taps retrieved from:
+ * http://home1.gte.net/res0658s/electronics/LFSRtaps.html
*
- * http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/application_notes/xapp052.pdf
+ * The memory overhead of the following tap table should be relatively small,
+ * no more than 400 bytes.
*/
-static struct lfsr_taps lfsr_taps[] = {
- {
- .length = 16,
- .taps = { 16, 15, 13, 4, },
- },
- {
- .length = 17,
- .taps = { 17, 14, },
- },
- {
- .length = 18,
- .taps = { 18, 11, },
- },
- {
- .length = 19,
- .taps = { 19, 6, 2, 1, },
- },
- {
- .length = 20,
- .taps = { 20, 17, },
- },
- {
- .length = 21,
- .taps = { 21, 19, },
- },
- {
- .length = 22,
- .taps = { 22, 21, },
- },
- {
- .length = 23,
- .taps = { 23, 18, },
- },
- {
- .length = 24,
- .taps = { 24, 23, 22, 17, },
- },
- {
- .length = 25,
- .taps = { 25, 22, },
- },
- {
- .length = 26,
- .taps = {26, 6, 2, 1, },
- },
- {
- .length = 27,
- .taps = { 27, 5, 2, 1, },
- },
- {
- .length = 28,
- .taps = { 28, 25, },
- },
- {
- .length = 29,
- .taps = {29, 27, },
- },
- {
- .length = 30,
- .taps = { 30, 6, 4, 1, },
- },
- {
- .length = 31,
- .taps = { 31, 28, },
- },
- {
- .length = 32,
- .taps = { 32, 22, 2, 1, },
- },
- {
- .length = 33,
- .taps = { 33, 20, },
- },
- {
- .length = 34,
- .taps = { 34, 27, 2, 1, },
- },
- {
- .length = 35,
- .taps = { 35, 33, },
- },
- {
- .length = 36,
- .taps = { 36, 25, },
- },
- {
- .length = 37,
- .taps = { 37, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, },
- },
- {
- .length = 38,
- .taps = { 38, 6, 5, 1, },
- },
- {
- .length = 39,
- .taps = { 39, 35, },
- },
- {
- .length = 40,
- .taps = { 40, 38, 21, 19, },
- },
- {
- .length = 41,
- .taps = { 41, 38, },
- },
- {
- .length = 42,
- .taps = { 42, 41, 20, 19, },
- },
- {
- .length = 43,
- .taps = { 43, 42, 38, 37, },
- },
- {
- .length = 44,
- .taps = { 44, 43, 38, 37, },
- },
- {
- .length = 45,
- .taps = { 45, 44, 42, 41, },
- },
- {
- .length = 46,
- .taps = { 46, 45, 26, 25, },
- },
- {
- .length = 47,
- .taps = { 47, 42, },
- },
- {
- .length = 48,
- .taps = { 48, 47, 21, 20, },
- },
- {
- .length = 49,
- .taps = { 49, 40, },
- },
- {
- .length = 50,
- .taps = { 50, 49, 36, 35, },
- },
- {
- .length = 51,
- .taps = { 51, 50, 36, 35, },
- },
- {
- .length = 52,
- .taps = { 52, 49, },
- },
- {
- .length = 53,
- .taps = { 53, 52, 38, 37 },
- },
- {
- .length = 54,
- .taps = { 54, 53, 18, 17 },
- },
- {
- .length = 55,
- .taps = { 55, 31, },
- },
- {
- .length = 56,
- .taps = { 56, 55, 35, 34, },
- },
- {
- .length = 57,
- .taps = { 57, 50, },
- },
- {
- .length = 58,
- .taps = { 58, 39, },
- },
- {
- .length = 59,
- .taps = { 59, 58, 38, 37, },
- },
- {
- .length = 60,
- .taps = { 60, 59, },
- },
- {
- .length = 61,
- .taps = { 61, 60, 46, 45, },
- },
- {
- .length = 62,
- .taps = { 62, 61, 6, 5, },
- },
- {
- .length = 63,
- .taps = { 63, 62, },
- },
+static uint8_t taps[64][FIO_MAX_TAPS] =
+{
+ {0}, {0}, {0}, //LFSRs with less that 3-bits cannot exist
+ {3, 2}, //Tap position for 3-bit LFSR
+ {4, 3}, //Tap position for 4-bit LFSR
+ {5, 3}, //Tap position for 5-bit LFSR
+ {6, 5}, //Tap position for 6-bit LFSR
+ {7, 6}, //Tap position for 7-bit LFSR
+ {8, 6, 5 ,4}, //Tap position for 8-bit LFSR
+ {9, 5}, //Tap position for 9-bit LFSR
+ {10, 7}, //Tap position for 10-bit LFSR
+ {11, 9}, //Tap position for 11-bit LFSR
+ {12, 6, 4, 1}, //Tap position for 12-bit LFSR
+ {13, 4, 3, 1}, //Tap position for 13-bit LFSR
+ {14, 5, 3, 1}, //Tap position for 14-bit LFSR
+ {15, 14}, //Tap position for 15-bit LFSR
+ {16, 15, 13, 4}, //Tap position for 16-bit LFSR
+ {17, 14}, //Tap position for 17-bit LFSR
+ {18, 11}, //Tap position for 18-bit LFSR
+ {19, 6, 2, 1}, //Tap position for 19-bit LFSR
+ {20, 17}, //Tap position for 20-bit LFSR
+ {21, 19}, //Tap position for 21-bit LFSR
+ {22, 21}, //Tap position for 22-bit LFSR
+ {23, 18}, //Tap position for 23-bit LFSR
+ {24, 23, 22, 17}, //Tap position for 24-bit LFSR
+ {25, 22}, //Tap position for 25-bit LFSR
+ {26, 6, 2, 1}, //Tap position for 26-bit LFSR
+ {27, 5, 2, 1}, //Tap position for 27-bit LFSR
+ {28, 25}, //Tap position for 28-bit LFSR
+ {29, 27}, //Tap position for 29-bit LFSR
+ {30, 6, 4, 1}, //Tap position for 30-bit LFSR
+ {31, 28}, //Tap position for 31-bit LFSR
+ {32, 31, 29, 1}, //Tap position for 32-bit LFSR
+ {33, 20}, //Tap position for 33-bit LFSR
+ {34, 27, 2, 1}, //Tap position for 34-bit LFSR
+ {35, 33}, //Tap position for 35-bit LFSR
+ {36, 25}, //Tap position for 36-bit LFSR
+ {37, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, //Tap position for 37-bit LFSR
+ {38, 6, 5, 1}, //Tap position for 38-bit LFSR
+ {39, 35}, //Tap position for 39-bit LFSR
+ {40, 38, 21, 19}, //Tap position for 40-bit LFSR
+ {41, 38}, //Tap position for 41-bit LFSR
+ {42, 41, 20, 19}, //Tap position for 42-bit LFSR
+ {43, 42, 38, 37}, //Tap position for 43-bit LFSR
+ {44, 43, 18, 17}, //Tap position for 44-bit LFSR
+ {45, 44, 42, 41}, //Tap position for 45-bit LFSR
+ {46, 45, 26, 25}, //Tap position for 46-bit LFSR
+ {47, 42}, //Tap position for 47-bit LFSR
+ {48, 47, 21, 20}, //Tap position for 48-bit LFSR
+ {49, 40}, //Tap position for 49-bit LFSR
+ {50, 49, 24, 23}, //Tap position for 50-bit LFSR
+ {51, 50, 36, 35}, //Tap position for 51-bit LFSR
+ {52, 49}, //Tap position for 52-bit LFSR
+ {53, 52, 38, 37}, //Tap position for 53-bit LFSR
+ {54, 53, 18, 17}, //Tap position for 54-bit LFSR
+ {55, 31}, //Tap position for 55-bit LFSR
+ {56, 55, 35, 34}, //Tap position for 56-bit LFSR
+ {57, 50}, //Tap position for 57-bit LFSR
+ {58, 39}, //Tap position for 58-bit LFSR
+ {59, 58, 38, 37}, //Tap position for 59-bit LFSR
+ {60, 59}, //Tap position for 60-bit LFSR
+ {61, 60, 46, 45}, //Tap position for 61-bit LFSR
+ {62, 61, 6, 5}, //Tap position for 62-bit LFSR
+ {63, 62}, //Tap position for 63-bit LFSR
};
-#define FIO_LFSR_CRANKS 128
+#define __LFSR_NEXT(__fl, __v) \
+ __v = ((__v >> 1) | __fl->cached_bit) ^ \
+ (((__v & 1UL) - 1UL) & __fl->xormask);
-static uint64_t __lfsr_next(uint64_t v, struct lfsr_taps *lt)
+static inline void __lfsr_next(struct fio_lfsr *fl, unsigned int spin)
{
- uint64_t xor_mask = 0;
- int i;
-
- for (i = 0; lt->taps[i]; i++)
- xor_mask ^= (v << (lt->taps[i] - 1));
-
- xor_mask &= ~(~0UL << 1) << (lt->length - 1);
- return xor_mask | (v >> 1);
+ /*
+ * This should be O(1) since most compilers will create a jump table for
+ * this switch.
+ */
+ switch (spin) {
+ case 16: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 15: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 14: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 13: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 12: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 11: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 10: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 9: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 8: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 7: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 6: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 5: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 4: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 3: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 2: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 1: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ case 0: __LFSR_NEXT(fl, fl->last_val);
+ default: break;
+ }
}
int lfsr_next(struct fio_lfsr *fl, uint64_t *off, uint64_t last)
{
+ int repeat;
+ unsigned int spin;
+
+ repeat = fl->num_vals % fl->cycle_length;
+ if (repeat == 0)
+ spin = fl->spin + 1;
+ else
+ spin = fl->spin;
+
if (fl->num_vals > fl->max_val)
return 1;
+ fl->num_vals++;
+
do {
- fl->last_val = __lfsr_next(fl->last_val, &fl->taps);
- if (fl->last_val - 1 <= fl->max_val &&
- fl->last_val <= last)
- break;
- } while (1);
+ __lfsr_next(fl, spin);
+ } while (fl->last_val > fl->max_val);
- *off = fl->last_val - 1;
- fl->num_vals++;
+ *off = fl->last_val;
return 0;
}
-static struct lfsr_taps *find_lfsr(uint64_t size)
+static uint64_t lfsr_create_xormask(uint8_t *taps)
{
int i;
+ uint64_t xormask = 0;
- for (i = 0; lfsr_taps[i].length; i++)
- if (((1UL << lfsr_taps[i].length) + FIO_LFSR_CRANKS) >= size)
- return &lfsr_taps[i];
+ for(i = 0; i < FIO_MAX_TAPS && taps[i] != 0; i++)
+ xormask |= 1UL << (taps[i] - 1);
- return NULL;
+ return xormask;
}
-void lfsr_reset(struct fio_lfsr *fl, unsigned long seed)
+static uint8_t *find_lfsr(uint64_t size)
{
- unsigned int i;
+ int i;
- fl->last_val = seed;
- fl->num_vals = 0;
+ for (i = 3; i < 64; i++)
+ if ((1UL << i) > size) /* TODO: Explain why. */
+ return taps[i];
- for (i = 0; i < FIO_LFSR_CRANKS; i++)
- fl->last_val = __lfsr_next(fl->last_val, &fl->taps);
+ return NULL;
}
-int lfsr_init(struct fio_lfsr *fl, uint64_t size, unsigned long seed)
+/*
+ * It is well-known that all maximal n-bit LFSRs will start repeating
+ * themselves after their 2^n iteration. The introduction of spins however, is
+ * possible to create a repetition of a sub-sequence before we hit that mark.
+ * This happens if:
+ *
+ * [1]: ((2^n - 1) * i) % (spin + 1) == 0,
+ * where "n" is LFSR's bits and "i" any number within the range [1,spin]
+ *
+ * It is important to know beforehand if a spin can cause a repetition of a
+ * sub-sequence (cycle) and its length. However, calculating (2^n - 1) * i may
+ * produce a buffer overflow for "n" close to 64, so we expand the above to:
+ *
+ * [2]: (2^n - 1) -> (x * (spin + 1) + y), where x >= 0 and 0 <= y <= spin
+ *
+ * Thus, [1] is equivalent to (y * i) % (spin + 1) == 0;
+ * Also, the cycle's length will be (x * i) + (y * i) / (spin + 1)
+ */
+int prepare_spin(struct fio_lfsr *fl, unsigned int spin)
{
- struct lfsr_taps *tap;
+ uint64_t max = (fl->cached_bit << 1) - 1;
+ uint64_t x, y;
int i;
- tap = find_lfsr(size);
- if (!tap)
+ if (spin > 15)
return 1;
- fl->max_val = size - 1;
- fl->taps.length = tap->length;
+ x = max / (spin + 1);
+ y = max % (spin + 1);
+ fl->cycle_length = max; /* This is the expected cycle */
+ fl->spin = spin;
- for (i = 0; i < FIO_MAX_TAPS; i++) {
- fl->taps.taps[i] = tap->taps[i];
- if (!fl->taps.taps[i])
+ for (i = 1; i <= spin; i++) {
+ if ((y * i) % (spin + 1) == 0) {
+ fl->cycle_length = (x * i) + (y * i) / (spin + 1);
break;
+ }
}
- lfsr_reset(fl, seed);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+int lfsr_reset(struct fio_lfsr *fl, unsigned long seed)
+{
+ uint64_t bitmask = (fl->cached_bit << 1) - 1;
+
+ fl->num_vals = 0;
+ fl->last_val = seed & bitmask;
+
+ /* All-ones state is illegal for XNOR LFSRs */
+ if (fl->last_val == bitmask)
+ return 1;
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+int lfsr_init(struct fio_lfsr *fl, uint64_t nums, unsigned long seed,
+ unsigned int spin)
+{
+ uint8_t *lfsr_taps;
+
+ lfsr_taps = find_lfsr(nums);
+ if (!lfsr_taps)
+ return 1;
+
+ fl->max_val = nums - 1;
+ fl->xormask = lfsr_create_xormask(lfsr_taps);
+ fl->cached_bit = 1UL << (lfsr_taps[0] - 1);
+
+ if (prepare_spin(fl, spin))
+ return 1;
+
+ if (lfsr_reset(fl, seed))
+ return 1;
+
return 0;
}
diff --git a/lib/lfsr.h b/lib/lfsr.h
index 45d7028..bc16af9 100644
--- a/lib/lfsr.h
+++ b/lib/lfsr.h
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
#include <inttypes.h>
-#define FIO_MAX_TAPS 8
+#define FIO_MAX_TAPS 6
struct lfsr_taps {
unsigned int length;
@@ -12,14 +12,18 @@ struct lfsr_taps {
struct fio_lfsr {
+ uint64_t xormask;
uint64_t last_val;
+ uint64_t cached_bit;
uint64_t max_val;
uint64_t num_vals;
- struct lfsr_taps taps;
+ uint64_t cycle_length;
+ unsigned int spin;
};
int lfsr_next(struct fio_lfsr *fl, uint64_t *off, uint64_t);
-int lfsr_init(struct fio_lfsr *fl, uint64_t size, unsigned long seed);
-void lfsr_reset(struct fio_lfsr *fl, unsigned long seed);
+int lfsr_init(struct fio_lfsr *fl, uint64_t size,
+ unsigned long seed, unsigned int spin);
+int lfsr_reset(struct fio_lfsr *fl, unsigned long seed);
#endif
diff --git a/t/axmap.c b/t/axmap.c
index 61e3220..7ab500f 100644
--- a/t/axmap.c
+++ b/t/axmap.c
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
printf("Using %llu entries\n", (unsigned long long) size);
- lfsr_init(&lfsr, size, seed);
+ lfsr_init(&lfsr, size, seed, seed & 0xF);
map = axmap_new(size);
osize = size;
diff --git a/t/lfsr-test.c b/t/lfsr-test.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..193a7f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/lfsr-test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include "../lib/lfsr.h"
+
+void usage()
+{
+ printf("Usage: lfsr-test 0x<numbers> [seed] [spin] [verify]\n");
+ printf("-------------------------------------------------------------\n");
+ printf("*numbers: how many random numbers to produce (in hex)\n"
+ "seed: initial value\n"
+ "spin: how many iterations before we produce a number\n"
+ "verify: check if LFSR has iterated correctly\n\n"
+ "Only <numbers> is required. The rest are evaluated to 0 or false\n"
+ "Elapsed/mean time and verification results are printed at the"
+ "end of the test\n");
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+ int r;
+ struct timespec start, end;
+ struct fio_lfsr *fl;
+ int verify = 0;
+ unsigned int spin = 0;
+ uint64_t seed = 0;
+ uint64_t numbers;
+ uint64_t v_size;
+ uint64_t i;
+ void *v = NULL, *v_start;
+ double total, mean;
+
+ /* Read arguments */
+ switch (argc) {
+ case 5: if (strncmp(argv[4], "verify", 7) == 0)
+ verify = 1;
+ case 4: spin = atoi(argv[3]);
+ case 3: seed = atol(argv[2]);
+ case 2: numbers = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 16);
+ break;
+ default: usage();
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ /* Initialize LFSR */
+ fl = malloc(sizeof(struct fio_lfsr));
+ if (!fl) {
+ perror("malloc");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ r = lfsr_init(fl, numbers, seed, spin);
+ if (r) {
+ printf("Initialization failed.\n");
+ return r;
+ }
+
+ /* Print specs */
+ printf("LFSR specs\n");
+ printf("==========================\n");
+ printf("Size is %u\n", 64 - __builtin_clzl(fl->cached_bit));
+ printf("Max val is %lu\n", fl->max_val);
+ printf("XOR-mask is 0x%lX\n", fl->xormask);
+ printf("Seed is %lu\n", fl->last_val);
+ printf("Spin is %u\n", fl->spin);
+ printf("Cycle length is %lu\n", fl->cycle_length);
+
+ /* Create verification table */
+ if (verify) {
+ v_size = numbers * sizeof(uint8_t);
+ v = malloc(v_size);
+ memset(v, 0, v_size);
+ printf("\nVerification table is %lf KBs\n", (double)(v_size) / 1024);
+ }
+ v_start = v;
+
+ /*
+ * Iterate over a tight loop until we have produced all the requested
+ * numbers. Verifying the results should introduce some small yet not
+ * negligible overhead.
+ */
+ fprintf(stderr, "\nTest initiated... ");
+ clock_gettime(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, &start);
+ while (!lfsr_next(fl, &i, fl->max_val)) {
+ if (verify)
+ *(uint8_t *)(v + i) += 1;
+ }
+ clock_gettime(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, &end);
+ fprintf(stderr, "finished.\n");
+
+ /* Check if all expected numbers within range have been calculated */
+ r = 0;
+ if (verify) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "Verifying results... ");
+ for (i = 0; i < numbers; i++) {
+ if (*(uint8_t *)(v + 1) != 1) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "failed.\n");
+ r = 1;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ if (!r)
+ fprintf(stderr, "OK!\n");
+ }
+
+ /* Calculate elapsed time and mean time per number */
+ total = (end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec) * pow(10,9) +
+ end.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec;
+ mean = total / fl->num_vals;
+
+ printf("\nTime results ");
+ if (verify)
+ printf("(slower due to verification)");
+ printf("\n==============================\n");
+ printf("Elapsed: %lf s\n", total / pow(10,9));
+ printf("Mean: %lf ns\n", mean);
+
+ free(v_start);
+ free(fl);
+ return r;
+}
--
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