Improving the offline updates user experience

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== The Problem ==

It is very common for users to have systems with encrypted root
partitions (or even just /var and /etc). This may be due to a personal
concern for their data or a corporate policy mandating full-disk
encryption. Disk encryption requires a password (or other more
complicated credentials) be be presented just after the kernel is
booted and before the drives can be mounted and their data read.

With the current implementation of the offline updates in Fedora, this
leads to a very unpleasant user experience when updating. We offer two
ways to perform offline updates in the default user environment of
Fedora Workstation: "Install updates and reboot" or "Install updates
and shut down".

With "Install updates and reboot", the behavior is as follows:

1) The system shuts down and initiates an ACPI reboot.
2) The system presents the kernel boot menu and then starts the
updater kernel.
3) The system presents the user with a password prompt for the disk
encryption (possibly more than one, if the system is configured with
different passwords for different partitions).
4) The offline updates occur.
5) The system shuts down and initiates an ACPI reboot.
6) The system presents the kernel boot menu and then starts the
standard (possibly updated) kernel.
7) The system presents the user with a password prompt for the disk
encryption (possibly more than one, if the system is configured with
different passwords for different partitions).
8) The system completes booting.

During this experience, the user has been required to enter their disk
encryption password *twice*. The same is true for the "Install and
shut down" case, except that the two passwords are separated by some
actual wallclock time.

== Proposed Improvements ==

We could significantly improve this situation by allowing the system
to drop directly from the interactive system into the updater
environment without doing a full reboot or relaunching the kernel.

Lennart, would it be possible to set up a special systemd target for
performing updates that would essentially stop all processes except
for systemd and then apply the updates?

In an ideal world, it would then also be possible after update is
completed to restore operation to the standard boot targets of systemd
so that the system comes back up without having to perform a total
reboot. The exceptional case would of course be that in which either
the kernel, libc or systemd[1] needed to be updated, in which case a
reboot could be performed.

In this scenario, we can reduce the number of encrypted disk
challenges to at most a single one, and that only if absolutely
minimal plumbing packages saw an update.

I'd very much like to hear from the plumbers on this matter.


[1] I'm told that this might not be necessary; that systemd can
re-exec itself to pick up its own updates. That would reduce the scope
presumably to "only the kernel" forcing reboots.
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