Since there's a lot of confusion around this, document both the rules and the best practice around negotiating, allocating, importing, and using buffers when crossing context/process/device/subsystem boundaries. This ties up all of dmabuf, formats and modifiers, and their usage. Signed-off-by: Daniel Stone <daniels@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> --- This is just a quick first draft, inspired by: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/3197#note_1048637 It's not complete or perfect, but I'm off to eat a roast then have a nice walk in the sun, so figured it'd be better to dash it off rather than let it rot on my hard drive. .../gpu/exchanging-pixel-buffers.rst | 285 ++++++++++++++++++ Documentation/gpu/index.rst | 1 + 2 files changed, 286 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Documentation/gpu/exchanging-pixel-buffers.rst diff --git a/Documentation/gpu/exchanging-pixel-buffers.rst b/Documentation/gpu/exchanging-pixel-buffers.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..75c4de13d5c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/gpu/exchanging-pixel-buffers.rst @@ -0,0 +1,285 @@ +.. Copyright 2021 Collabora Ltd. + +======================== +Exchanging pixel buffers +======================== + +As originally designed, the Linux graphics subsystem had extremely limited +support for sharing pixel-buffer allocations between processes, devices, and +subsystems. Modern systems require extensive integration between all three +classes; this document details how applications and kernel subsystems should +approach this sharing for two-dimensional image data. + +It is written with reference to the DRM subsystem for GPU and display devices, +V4L2 for media devices, and also to Vulkan, EGL and Wayland, for userspace +support, however any other subsystems should also follow this design and advice. + + +Formats and modifiers +===================== + +Each buffer must have an underlying format. This format describes the data which +can be stored and loaded for each pixel. Although each subsystem has its own +format descriptions (e.g. V4L2 and fbdev), the `DRM_FORMAT_*` tokens should be +reused wherever possible, as they are the standard descriptions used for +interchange. + +Each `DRM_FORMAT_*` token describes the per-pixel data available, in terms of +the translation between one or more pixels in memory, and the color data +contained within that memory. The number and type of color channels are +described: whether they are RGB or YUV, integer or floating-point, the size +of each channel and their locations within the pixel memory, and the +relationship between color planes. + +For example, `DRM_FORMAT_ARGB8888` describes a format in which each pixel has a +single 32-bit value in memory. Alpha, red, green, and blue, color channels are +available at 8-byte precision per channel, ordered respectively from most to +least significant bits in little-endian storage. As a more complex example, +`DRM_FORMAT_NV12` describes a format in which luma and chroma YUV samples are +stored in separate memory planes, where the chroma plane is stored at half the +resolution in both dimensions (i.e. one U/V chroma sample is stored for each 2x2 +pixel grouping). + +Format modifiers describe a translation mechanism between these per-pixel memory +samples, and the actual memory storage for the buffer. The most straightforward +modifier is `DRM_FORMAT_MOD_LINEAR`, describing a scheme in which each pixel has +contiguous storage beginning at (0,0); each pixel's location in memory will be +`base + (y * stride) + (x * bpp)`. This is considered the baseline interchange +format, and most convenient for CPU access. + +Modern hardware employs much more sophisticated access mechanisms, typically +making use of tiled access and possibly also compression. For example, the +`DRM_FORMAT_MOD_VIVANTE_TILED` modifier describes memory storage where pixels +are stored in 4x4 blocks arranged in row-major ordering, i.e. the first tile in +memory stores pixels (0,0) to (3,3) inclusive, and the second tile in memory +stores pixels (4,0) to (7,3) inclusive. + +Some modifiers may modify the number of memory buffers required to store the +data; for example, the `I915_FORMAT_MOD_Y_TILED_CCS` modifier adds a second +memory buffer to RGB formats in which it stores data about the status of every +tile, notably including whether the tile is fully populated with pixel data, or +can be expanded from a single solid color. + +These extended layouts are highly vendor-specific, and even specific to +particular generations or configurations of devices per-vendor. For this reason, +support of modifiers must be explicitly enumerated and negotiated by all users +in order to ensure a compatible and optimal pipeline, as discussed below. + + +Dimensions and size +=================== + +Each pixel buffer must be accompanied by logical pixel dimensions. This refers +to the number of unique samples which can be extracted from, or stored to, the +underlying memory storage. For example, even though a 1920x1080 +`DRM_FORMAT_NV12` buffer has a luma plane containing 1920x1080 samples for the Y +component, and 960x540 samples for the U and V components, the overall buffer is +still described as having dimensions of 1920x1080. + +The in-memory storage of a buffer is not guaranteed to begin immediately at the +base address of the underlying memory, nor is it guaranteed that the memory +storage is tightly clipped to either dimension. + +Each plane must therefore be described with an `offset` in bytes, which will be +added to the base address of the memory storage before performing any per-pixel +calculations. This may be used to combine multiple planes into a single pixel +buffer; for example, `DRM_FORMAT_NV12` may be stored in a single memory buffer +where the luma plane's storage begins immediately at the start of the buffer +with an offset of 0, and the chroma plane's storage begins after the offset of +the luma plane as expressed through its offset. + +Each plane must also have a `stride` in bytes, expressing the offset in memory +between two contiguous scanlines. For example, a `DRM_FORMAT_MOD_LINEAR` buffer +with dimensions of 1000x1000 may have been allocated as if it were 1024x1000, in +order to allow for aligned access patterns. In this case, the buffer will still +be described with a width of 1000, however the stride will be `1024 * bpp`, +indicating that there are 24 pixels at the positive extreme of the x axis whose +values are not significant. + +Buffers may also be padded further in the y dimension, simply by allocating a +larger area than would ordinarily be required. For example, many media decoders +are not able to natively output buffers of height 1080, but instead require an +effective height of 1088 pixels. In this case, the buffer continues to be +described as having a height of 1080, with the memory allocation for each buffer +being increased to account for the extra padding. + + +Enumeration +=========== + +Every user of pixel buffers must be able to enumerate a set of supported formats +and modifiers, described together. Within KMS, this is achieved with the +`IN_FORMATS` property on each DRM plane, listing the supported DRM formats, and +the modifiers supported for each format. In userspace, this is supported through +the `EGL_EXT_image_dma_buf_import_modifiers` extension entrypoints for EGL, the +`VK_EXT_image_drm_format_modifier` extension for Vulkan, and the +`zwp_linux_dmabuf_v1` extension for Wayland. + +Each of these interfaces allows users to query a set of supported +format+modifier combinations. + + +Negotiation +=========== + +It is the responsibility of userspace to negotiate an acceptable format+modifier +combination for its usage. This is performed through a simple intersection of +lists. For example, if a user wants to use Vulkan to render an image to be +displayed on a KMS plane, it must: + - query KMS for the `IN_FORMATS` property for the given plane + - query Vulkan for the supported formats for its physical device + - intersect these formats to determine the most appropriate one + - for this format, intersect the lists of supported modifiers for both KMS and + Vulkan, to obtain a final list of acceptable modifiers for that format + +This intersection must be performed for all usages. For example, if the user +also wishes to encode the image to a video stream, it must query the media API +it intends to use for encoding for the set of modifiers it supports, and +additionally intersect against this list. + +If the intersection of all lists is an empty list, it is not possible to share +buffers in this way, and an alternate strategy must be considered (e.g. using +CPU access routines to copy data between the different uses, with the +corresponding performance cost). + +The resulting modifier list is unsorted; the order is not significant. + + +Allocation +========== + +Once userspace has determined an appropriate format, and corresponding list of +acceptable modifiers, it must allocate the buffer. As there is no universal +buffer-allocation interface available at either kernel or userspace level, the +client makes an arbitrary choice of allocation interface such as Vulkan, GBM, or +a media API. + +Each allocation request must take, at a minimum: the pixel format, a list of +acceptable modifiers, and the buffer's width and height. Each API may extend +this set of properties in different ways, such as allowing allocation in more +than two dimensions, intended usage patterns, etc. + +The component which allocates the buffer will make an arbitrary choice of what +it considers the 'best' modifier within the acceptable list for the requested +allocation, any padding required, and further properties of the underlying +memory buffers such as whether they are stored in system or device-specific +memory, whether or not they are physically contiguous, and their cache mode. +These properties of the memory buffer are not visible to userspace, however the +`dma-heaps` API is an effort to address this. + +After allocation, the client must query the allocator to determine the actual +modifier selected for the buffer, as well as the per-plane offset and stride. +Allocators are not permitted to vary the format in use, to select a modifier not +provided within the acceptable list, nor to vary the pixel dimensions other than +the padding expressed through offset, stride, and size. + + +Import +====== + +To use a buffer within a different context, device, or subsystem, the user +passes these parameters (format, modifier, width, height, and per-plane offset +and stride) to an importing API. + +Each memory plane is referred to by a buffer handle, which may be unique or +duplicated within a buffer. For example, a `DRM_FORMAT_NV12` buffer may have the +luma and chroma buffers combined into a single memory buffer by use of the +per-plane offset parameters, or they may be completely separate allocations in +memory. For this reason, each import and allocation API must provide a separate +handle for each plane. + +Each kernel subsystem has its own types and interfaces for buffer management. +DRM uses GEM buffer objects (BOs), V4L2 has its own references, etc. These types +are not portable between contexts, processes, devices, or subsystems. + +To address this, `dma-buf` handles are used as the universal interchange for +buffers. Subsystem-specific operations are used to export native buffer handles +to a `dma-buf` file descriptor, and to import those file descriptors into a +native buffer handle. dma-buf file descriptors can be transferred between +contexts, processes, devices, and subsystems. + +For example, a Wayland media player may use V4L2 to decode a video frame into +a `DRM_FORMAT_NV12` buffer. This will result in two memory planes (luma and +chroma) being dequeued by the user from V4L2. These planes are then exported to +one dma-buf file descriptor per plane, these descriptors are then sent along +with the metadata (format, modifier, width, height, per-plane offset and stride) +to the Wayland server. The Wayland server will then import these file +descriptors as an EGLImage for use through EGL/OpenGL (ES), a VkImage for use +through Vulkan, or a `drm_fb` for use through KMS; each of these import +operations will take the same metadata and convert the dma-buf file descriptors +into their native buffer handles. + + +Implicit modifiers +================== + +The concept of modifiers post-dates all of the subsystems mentioned above. As +such, it has been retrofitted into all of these APIs, and in order to ensure +backwards compatibility, support is needed for drivers and userspace which do +not (yet) support modifiers. + +As an example, GBM is used to allocate buffers to be shared between EGL for +rendering and KMS for display. It has two entrypoints for allocating buffers: +`gbm_bo_create` which only takes the format, width, height, and a usage token, +and `gbm_bo_create_with_modifiers` which extends this with a list of modifiers. + +In the latter case, the allocation is as discussed above, being provided with a +list of acceptable modifiers that the implementation can choose from (or fail if +it is not possible to allocate within those constraints). In the former case +where modifiers are not provided, the GBM implementation must make its own +choice as to what is likely to be the 'best' layout. Such a choice is entirely +implementation-specific: some will internally use tiled layouts which are not +CPU-accessible if the implementation decides that is a good idea through +whatever heuristic. It is the implementation's responsibility to ensure that +this choice is appropriate. + +To support this case where the layout is not known because there is no awareness +of modifiers, a special `DRM_FORMAT_MOD_INVALID` token has been defined. This +pseudo-modifier declares that the layout is not known, and that the driver +should use its own logic to determine what the underlying layout may be. + +There are four cases where this token may be used: + - during enumeration, an interface may return `DRM_FORMAT_MOD_INVALID`, either + as the sole member of a modifier list to declare that explicit modifiers are + not supported, or as part of a larger list to declare that implicit modifiers + may be used + - during allocation, a user may supply `DRM_FORMAT_MOD_INVALID`, either as the + sole member of a modifier list (equivalent to not supplying a modifier list + at all) to declare that explicit modifiers are not supported and must not be + used, or as part of a larger list to declare that an allocation using implicit + modifiers is acceptable + - in a post-allocation query, an implementation may return + `DRM_FORMAT_MOD_INVALID` as the modifier of the allocated buffer to declare + that the underlying layout is implementation-defined and that an explicit + modifier description is not available; per the above rules, this may only be + returned when the user has included `DRM_FORMAT_MOD_INVALID` as part of the + list of acceptable modifiers, or not provided a list + - when importing a buffer, the user may supply `DRM_FORMAT_MOD_INVALID` as the + buffer modifier (or not supply a modifier) to indicate that the modifier is + unknown for whatever reason; this is only acceptable when the buffer has + not been allocated with an explicit modifier + +It follows from this that a buffer chain must be either fully implicit or fully +explicit. For example, if a user wishes to allocate a buffer for use between +GPU, display, and media, but the media API does not support modifiers, then the +user **must not** allocate the buffer with explicit modifiers and attempt to +import the buffer into the media API with no modifier, but either perform the +allocation using implicit modifiers, or allocate the buffer for media use +separately and copy between the two buffers. + +As one exception to the above, allocations may be 'upgraded' from implicit +to explicit modifiers. For example, if the buffer is allocated with +`gbm_bo_create` (taking no modifiers), the user may then query the modifier with +`gbm_bo_get_modifier` and then use this modifier as an explicit modifier token +if a valid modifier is returned. + +When allocating buffers for exchange between different users and modifiers are +not available, implementations are strongly encouraged to use +`DRM_FORMAT_MOD_LINEAR` for their allocation, as this is the universal baseline +for exchange. + +Any new users - userspace programs and protocols, kernel subsystems, etc - +wishing to exchange buffers must offer interoperability through dma-buf file +descriptors for memory planes, DRM format tokens to describe the format, DRM +format modifiers to describe the layout in memory, at least width and height for +dimensions, and at least offset and stride for each memory plane. diff --git a/Documentation/gpu/index.rst b/Documentation/gpu/index.rst index b9c1214d8f23..cb12f2654ed7 100644 --- a/Documentation/gpu/index.rst +++ b/Documentation/gpu/index.rst @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Linux GPU Driver Developer's Guide drm-kms drm-kms-helpers drm-uapi + exchanging-pixel-buffers driver-uapi drm-client drivers -- 2.31.1
