Well, comparison with the NIC handle may be helpful... Here is my experiment about it: I know of a guy who can be considered as a modern "average" user of NIC handles (since the overdevelopment of domains). This guy keeps creating a new NIC handle for him each time he creates a domain for his company. And he creates many. So: 1) an average user does not understand NIC handles more than he understands CA. You (in your example) an I are not average users I believe. 2) Sounds like 90% of the NIC handles are unused/unneeded altogether. So maybe there is still 561 real NIC handle users on the place... Back to the original problem, shouldn't the browser check that the domain name sought by the user, is only composed from existing keys on the user's keyboard, and alert the user otherwise ? Regards JPT ---------- De : Thor (Hammer of God)[SMTP:thor@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] <snip> > > I know quite a number of average users and know of absolutely 0 who would > be aware of this. The number of people that you know (or who I know) that are aware of the uses for client certificates is not what drives commercial certificate authority business models. The simple fact of the matter is that user-level certificates are an important part of the commercial certificate authority plan, and becoming more and more so as your "average" users become aware of certificate applications. When I got my NIC handle untold years ago, only 561 other humans had one. Your logic would preclude getting one in the first place, since no one knew they existed at the time. When SSL certs were first being created commercially, how many server operators did you know that had one? How many do you know now? It's the same thing with client certs, and the logic stands that certificate applications apply to them as well; particularly in regard to the business and marketing models various certificate authorities are running their business by. That was the point.