Struct bpf_reg_state is copied directly in several places including:
- check_stack_write_fixed_off() (via save_register_state());
- check_stack_read_fixed_off();
- find_equal_scalars().
However, a literal copy of this struct also copies the following fields:
struct bpf_reg_state {
...
struct bpf_reg_state *parent;
...
enum bpf_reg_liveness live;
...
};
This breaks register parentage chain and liveness marking logic.
The commit message for the first patch has a detailed example.
This patch-set replaces direct copies with a call to a function
copy_register_state(dst,src), which preserves 'parent' and 'live'
fields of the 'dst'.
The fix comes with a significant verifier runtime penalty for some
selftest binaries listed in tools/testing/selftests/bpf/veristat.cfg
and cilium BPF binaries (see [1]):
$ ./veristat -e file,prog,states -C -f 'states_diff>10' master-baseline.log current.log
File Program States (A) States (B) States (DIFF)
-------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
bpf_host.o tail_handle_ipv4_from_host 231 299 +68 (+29.44%)
bpf_host.o tail_handle_nat_fwd_ipv4 1088 1320 +232 (+21.32%)
bpf_host.o tail_handle_nat_fwd_ipv6 716 729 +13 (+1.82%)
bpf_host.o tail_nodeport_nat_ingress_ipv4 281 314 +33 (+11.74%)
bpf_host.o tail_nodeport_nat_ingress_ipv6 245 256 +11 (+4.49%)
bpf_lxc.o tail_handle_nat_fwd_ipv4 1088 1320 +232 (+21.32%)
bpf_lxc.o tail_handle_nat_fwd_ipv6 716 729 +13 (+1.82%)
bpf_lxc.o tail_ipv4_ct_egress 239 262 +23 (+9.62%)
bpf_lxc.o tail_ipv4_ct_ingress 239 262 +23 (+9.62%)
bpf_lxc.o tail_ipv4_ct_ingress_policy_only 239 262 +23 (+9.62%)
bpf_lxc.o tail_ipv6_ct_egress 181 195 +14 (+7.73%)
bpf_lxc.o tail_ipv6_ct_ingress 181 195 +14 (+7.73%)
bpf_lxc.o tail_ipv6_ct_ingress_policy_only 181 195 +14 (+7.73%)
bpf_lxc.o tail_nodeport_nat_ingress_ipv4 281 314 +33 (+11.74%)
bpf_lxc.o tail_nodeport_nat_ingress_ipv6 245 256 +11 (+4.49%)
bpf_overlay.o tail_handle_nat_fwd_ipv4 799 829 +30 (+3.75%)
bpf_overlay.o tail_nodeport_nat_ingress_ipv4 281 314 +33 (+11.74%)
bpf_overlay.o tail_nodeport_nat_ingress_ipv6 245 256 +11 (+4.49%)
bpf_sock.o cil_sock4_connect 47 70 +23 (+48.94%)
bpf_sock.o cil_sock4_sendmsg 45 68 +23 (+51.11%)
bpf_sock.o cil_sock6_post_bind 31 42 +11 (+35.48%)
bpf_xdp.o tail_lb_ipv4 4413 6457 +2044 (+46.32%)
bpf_xdp.o tail_lb_ipv6 6876 7249 +373 (+5.42%)
test_cls_redirect.bpf.o cls_redirect 4704 4799 +95 (+2.02%)
test_tcp_hdr_options.bpf.o estab 180 206 +26 (+14.44%)
xdp_synproxy_kern.bpf.o syncookie_tc 21059 21485 +426 (+2.02%)
xdp_synproxy_kern.bpf.o syncookie_xdp 21857 23122 +1265 (+5.79%)
-------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
I looked through verification log for bpf_xdp.o tail_lb_ipv4 program in
order to identify the reason for ~50% visited states increase.
The slowdown is triggered by a difference in handling of three stack slots:
fp-56, fp-72 and fp-80, with the main difference coming from fp-72.
In fact the following change removes all the difference:
@@ -3256,7 +3256,10 @@ static void save_register_state(struct bpf_func_state *state,
{
int i;
- copy_register_state(&state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr, reg);
+ if ((spi == 6 /*56*/ || spi == 8 /*72*/ || spi == 9 /*80*/) && size != BPF_REG_SIZE)
+ state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr = *reg;
+ else
+ copy_register_state(&state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr, reg);
For fp-56 I found the following pattern for divergences between
verification logs with and w/o this patch:
- At some point insn 1862 is reached and checkpoint is created;
- At some other point insn 1862 is reached again:
- with this patch:
- the current state is considered *not* equivalent to the old checkpoint;
- the reason for mismatch is the state of fp-56:
- current state: fp-56=????mmmm
- checkpoint: fp-56_rD=mmmmmmmm
- without this patch the current state is considered equivalent to the
checkpoint, the fp-56 is not present in the checkpoint.
Here is a fragment of the verification log for when the checkpoint in
question created at insn 1862:
checkpoint 1862: ... fp-56=mmmmmmmm ...
1862: ...
1863: ...
1864: (61) r1 = *(u32 *)(r0 +0)
1865: ...
1866: (63) *(u32 *)(r10 -56) = r1 ; R1_w=scalar(...) R10=fp0 fp-56=
1867: (bf) r2 = r10 ; R2_w=fp0 R10=fp0
1868: (07) r2 += -56 ; R2_w=fp-56
; return map_lookup_elem(&LB4_BACKEND_MAP_V2, &backend_id);
1869: (18) r1 = 0xffff888100286000 ; R1_w=map_ptr(off=0,ks=4,vs=8,imm=0)
1871: (85) call bpf_map_lookup_elem#1
- Without this patch:
- at insn 1864 r1 liveness is set to REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;
- at insn 1866 fp-56 liveness is set REG_LIVE_WRITTEN mark because
of the direct r1 copy in save_register_state();
- at insn 1871 REG_LIVE_READ is not propagated to fp-56 at
checkpoint 1862 because of the REG_LIVE_WRITTEN mark;
- eventually fp-56 is pruned from checkpoint at 1862 in
clean_func_state().
- With this patch:
- at insn 1864 r1 liveness is set to REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;
- at insn 1866 fp-56 liveness is *not* set to REG_LIVE_WRITTEN mark
because write size is not equal to BPF_REG_SIZE;
- at insn 1871 REG_LIVE_READ is propagated to fp-56 at checkpoint 1862.
Hence more states have to be visited by verifier with this patch compared
to current master.
Similar patterns could be found for both fp-72 and fp-80, although these
are harder to track trough the log because of a big number of insns between
slot write and bpf_map_lookup_elem() call triggering read mark, boils down
to the following C code:
struct ipv4_frag_id frag_id = {
.daddr = ip4->daddr,
.saddr = ip4->saddr,
.id = ip4->id,
.proto = ip4->protocol,
.pad = 0,
};
...
map_lookup_elem(..., &frag_id);
Where:
- .id is mapped to fp-72, write of size u16;
- .saddr is mapped to fp-80, write of size u32.
This patch-set is a continuation of discussion from [2].
Changes v1 -> v2 (no changes in the code itself):
- added analysis for the tail_lb_ipv4 verification slowdown;
- rebase against fresh master branch.
[1] git@xxxxxxxxxx:anakryiko/cilium.git
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/517af2c57ee4b9ce2d96a8cf33f7295f2d2dfe13.camel@xxxxxxxxx/
Eduard Zingerman (2):
bpf: Fix to preserve reg parent/live fields when copying range info
selftests/bpf: Verify copy_register_state() preserves parent/live
fields
kernel/bpf/verifier.c | 25 +++++++++----
.../selftests/bpf/verifier/search_pruning.c | 36 +++++++++++++++++++
2 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
--
2.39.0
