Hi Leon, In the following commit: commit b83b936f3e9a3c63896852198a1814e90e68eef5 Author: Leon Hwang <hffilwlqm@xxxxxxxxx> selftests/bpf: Add testcases for tailcall hierarchy fixing you created 2 tests files that contain the following inline assembly. asm volatile (""::"r+"(ret)); I presume the actual intent is to force the unused ret variable to exist as a register. When compiling that line in GCC it produces the following error: progs/tailcall_bpf2bpf_hierarchy2.c: In function 'tailcall_bpf2bpf_hierarchy_2': progs/tailcall_bpf2bpf_hierarchy2.c:66:9: error: input operand constraint contains '+' 66 | asm volatile (""::"r+"(ret)); | ^~~ After analysing the reasoning behind the error, the plausible solution is to change the constraint to "+r" and move it from the input operands list to output operands, i.e: asm volatile ("":"+r"(ret)); Can you please confirm that this change would be complient with the test semantics ? Regards, Cupertino