With patch set [1], precision backtracing supports register spill/fill to/from the stack. The patch [2] allows initial imprecise register spill with content 0. This is a common case for cpuv3 and lower for initializing the stack variables with pattern r1 = 0 *(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1 and the [2] has demonstrated good verification improvement. For cpuv4, the initialization could be *(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0 The current verifier marks the r10-8 contents with STACK_ZERO. Similar to [2], let us permit the above insn to behave like imprecise register spill which can reduce number of verified states. The change is in function check_stack_write_fixed_off(). Before this patch, spilled zero will be marked as STACK_ZERO which can provide precise values. In check_stack_write_var_off(), STACK_ZERO will be maintained if writing a const zero so later it can provide precise values if needed. The above handling of '*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0' as a spill will have issues in check_stack_write_var_off() as the spill will be converted to STACK_MISC and the precise value 0 is lost. To fix this issue, if the spill slots with const zero and the BPF_ST write also with const zero, the spill slots are preserved, which can later provide precise values if needed. Without the change in check_stack_write_var_off(), the test_verifier subtest 'BPF_ST_MEM stack imm zero, variable offset' will fail. I checked cpuv3 and cpuv4 with and without this patch with veristat. There is no state change for cpuv3 since '*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0' is only generated with cpuv4. For cpuv4: $ ../veristat -C old.cpuv4.csv new.cpuv4.csv -e file,prog,insns,states -f 'insns_diff!=0' File Program Insns (A) Insns (B) Insns (DIFF) States (A) States (B) States (DIFF) ------------------------------------------ ------------------- --------- --------- --------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- local_storage_bench.bpf.linked3.o get_local 228 168 -60 (-26.32%) 17 14 -3 (-17.65%) pyperf600_bpf_loop.bpf.linked3.o on_event 6066 4889 -1177 (-19.40%) 403 321 -82 (-20.35%) test_cls_redirect.bpf.linked3.o cls_redirect 35483 35387 -96 (-0.27%) 2179 2177 -2 (-0.09%) test_l4lb_noinline.bpf.linked3.o balancer_ingress 4494 4522 +28 (+0.62%) 217 219 +2 (+0.92%) test_l4lb_noinline_dynptr.bpf.linked3.o balancer_ingress 1432 1455 +23 (+1.61%) 92 94 +2 (+2.17%) test_xdp_noinline.bpf.linked3.o balancer_ingress_v6 3462 3458 -4 (-0.12%) 216 216 +0 (+0.00%) verifier_iterating_callbacks.bpf.linked3.o widening 52 41 -11 (-21.15%) 4 3 -1 (-25.00%) xdp_synproxy_kern.bpf.linked3.o syncookie_tc 12412 11719 -693 (-5.58%) 345 330 -15 (-4.35%) xdp_synproxy_kern.bpf.linked3.o syncookie_xdp 12478 11794 -684 (-5.48%) 346 331 -15 (-4.34%) test_l4lb_noinline and test_l4lb_noinline_dynptr has minor regression, but pyperf600_bpf_loop and local_storage_bench gets pretty good improvement. [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20231205184248.1502704-1-andrii@xxxxxxxxxx/ [2] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20231205184248.1502704-9-andrii@xxxxxxxxxx/ Cc: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@xxxxxxxxxx> Cc: Martin KaFai Lau <kafai@xxxxxx> Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@xxxxxxxxx> --- kernel/bpf/verifier.c | 17 +++++++++++++++-- .../selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_spill_fill.c | 16 ++++++++-------- 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) Changelogs: v3 -> v4: - add missed SPILL slot check in check_stack_write_var_off(). - remove incorrect comments in the new test. v2 -> v3: - add precision checking to the spilled zero value register in check_stack_write_var_off(). - check spill slot-by-slot instead of in a bunch within a spi. v1 -> v2: - Preserve with-const-zero spill if writing is also zero in check_stack_write_var_off(). - Add a test with not-8-byte-aligned BPF_ST store. diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c index adbf330d364b..bd7d74a06f19 100644 --- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c +++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c @@ -4493,7 +4493,7 @@ static int check_stack_write_fixed_off(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, if (fls64(reg->umax_value) > BITS_PER_BYTE * size) state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.id = 0; } else if (!reg && !(off % BPF_REG_SIZE) && is_bpf_st_mem(insn) && - insn->imm != 0 && env->bpf_capable) { + env->bpf_capable) { struct bpf_reg_state fake_reg = {}; __mark_reg_known(&fake_reg, insn->imm); @@ -4640,7 +4640,20 @@ static int check_stack_write_var_off(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, return -EINVAL; } - /* Erase all spilled pointers. */ + /* If writing_zero and the spi slot contains a spill of value 0, + * maintain the spill type. + */ + if (writing_zero && *stype == STACK_SPILL && + is_spilled_scalar_reg(&state->stack[spi])) { + struct bpf_reg_state *spill_reg = &state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr; + + if (tnum_is_const(spill_reg->var_off) && spill_reg->var_off.value == 0) { + zero_used = true; + continue; + } + } + + /* Erase all other spilled pointers. */ state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.type = NOT_INIT; /* Update the slot type. */ diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_spill_fill.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_spill_fill.c index 39fe3372e0e0..d4b3188afe07 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_spill_fill.c +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_spill_fill.c @@ -495,14 +495,14 @@ char single_byte_buf[1] SEC(".data.single_byte_buf"); SEC("raw_tp") __log_level(2) __success -/* make sure fp-8 is all STACK_ZERO */ -__msg("2: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = 0 ; R10=fp0 fp-8_w=00000000") +/* fp-8 is spilled IMPRECISE value zero (represented by a zero value fake reg) */ +__msg("2: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = 0 ; R10=fp0 fp-8_w=0") /* but fp-16 is spilled IMPRECISE zero const reg */ __msg("4: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r0 ; R0_w=0 R10=fp0 fp-16_w=0") -/* validate that assigning R2 from STACK_ZERO doesn't mark register +/* validate that assigning R2 from STACK_SPILL with zero value doesn't mark register * precise immediately; if necessary, it will be marked precise later */ -__msg("6: (71) r2 = *(u8 *)(r10 -1) ; R2_w=0 R10=fp0 fp-8_w=00000000") +__msg("6: (71) r2 = *(u8 *)(r10 -1) ; R2_w=0 R10=fp0 fp-8_w=0") /* similarly, when R2 is assigned from spilled register, it is initially * imprecise, but will be marked precise later once it is used in precise context */ @@ -520,14 +520,14 @@ __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs=r0 stack= before 3: (b7) r0 = 0") __naked void partial_stack_load_preserves_zeros(void) { asm volatile ( - /* fp-8 is all STACK_ZERO */ + /* fp-8 is value zero (represented by a zero value fake reg) */ ".8byte %[fp8_st_zero];" /* LLVM-18+: *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = 0; */ /* fp-16 is const zero register */ "r0 = 0;" "*(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r0;" - /* load single U8 from non-aligned STACK_ZERO slot */ + /* load single U8 from non-aligned spilled value zero slot */ "r1 = %[single_byte_buf];" "r2 = *(u8 *)(r10 -1);" "r1 += r2;" @@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ __naked void partial_stack_load_preserves_zeros(void) "r1 += r2;" "*(u8 *)(r1 + 0) = r2;" /* this should be fine */ - /* load single U16 from non-aligned STACK_ZERO slot */ + /* load single U16 from non-aligned spilled value zero slot */ "r1 = %[single_byte_buf];" "r2 = *(u16 *)(r10 -2);" "r1 += r2;" @@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ __naked void partial_stack_load_preserves_zeros(void) "r1 += r2;" "*(u8 *)(r1 + 0) = r2;" /* this should be fine */ - /* load single U32 from non-aligned STACK_ZERO slot */ + /* load single U32 from non-aligned spilled value zero slot */ "r1 = %[single_byte_buf];" "r2 = *(u32 *)(r10 -4);" "r1 += r2;" -- 2.34.1
