Thx for taking the time to read the post.
You're right in that it's difficult to determine whether Apache is the problem, however, there's nothing sitting between the proxy and the app server and the only things that are running on the app server are apache (mod_perl) and sendmail.
Having reviewed the access and error log on the proxy I can see an entry for a request that subsequently fails, however, neither the access or error logs on the app server have an entry for the request. This suggests that the request is never reaching the app server but as there's only one hop between them I'm struggling to understand what is happening to the request from the proxy.
Rgds,
Cris