[PATCH 1/2] qemu: refactor graphics code to not hardcode a single display

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The check for a single display remains so no new functionality is added.
---

Concerning both patches, I've tested running with all three simultaneously (sdl+spice+vnc) and with spice+vnc, using a single qxl device.

 src/qemu/qemu_command.c | 2425 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 src/qemu/qemu_process.c |   70 +-
 2 files changed, 1259 insertions(+), 1236 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/qemu/qemu_command.c b/src/qemu/qemu_command.c
index 1e96982..f9e4d4d 100644
--- a/src/qemu/qemu_command.c
+++ b/src/qemu/qemu_command.c
@@ -4410,171 +4410,499 @@ error:
     return -1;
 }
 
-/*
- * Constructs a argv suitable for launching qemu with config defined
- * for a given virtual machine.
- *
- * XXX 'conn' is only required to resolve network -> bridge name
- * figure out how to remove this requirement some day
- */
-virCommandPtr
-qemuBuildCommandLine(virConnectPtr conn,
-                     struct qemud_driver *driver,
-                     virDomainDefPtr def,
-                     virDomainChrSourceDefPtr monitor_chr,
-                     bool monitor_json,
-                     qemuCapsPtr caps,
-                     const char *migrateFrom,
-                     int migrateFd,
-                     virDomainSnapshotObjPtr snapshot,
-                     enum virNetDevVPortProfileOp vmop)
+enum {
+    OK=0,
+    ERROR=1,
+    NO_MEMORY=2,
+};
+
+static int
+qemuBuildGraphicsCommandLine(struct qemud_driver *driver,
+                             virCommandPtr cmd,
+                             virDomainDefPtr def,
+                             qemuCapsPtr caps,
+                             virDomainGraphicsDefPtr graphics)
 {
-    int i, j;
-    struct utsname ut;
-    int disableKQEMU = 0;
-    int enableKQEMU = 0;
-    int disableKVM = 0;
-    int enableKVM = 0;
-    const char *emulator;
-    char uuid[VIR_UUID_STRING_BUFLEN];
-    char *cpu;
-    char *smp;
-    int last_good_net = -1;
-    bool hasHwVirt = false;
-    virCommandPtr cmd = NULL;
-    bool emitBootindex = false;
-    int usbcontroller = 0;
-    bool usblegacy = false;
-    uname_normalize(&ut);
-    int contOrder[] = {
-        /* We don't add an explicit IDE or FD controller because the
-         * provided PIIX4 device already includes one. It isn't possible to
-         * remove the PIIX4. */
-        VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_USB,
-        VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SCSI,
-        VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SATA,
-        VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_VIRTIO_SERIAL,
-        VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_CCID,
-    };
+    if (graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC) {
+        virBuffer opt = VIR_BUFFER_INITIALIZER;
 
-    VIR_DEBUG("conn=%p driver=%p def=%p mon=%p json=%d "
-              "caps=%p migrateFrom=%s migrateFD=%d "
-              "snapshot=%p vmop=%d",
-              conn, driver, def, monitor_chr, monitor_json,
-              caps, migrateFrom, migrateFd, snapshot, vmop);
+        if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_VNC)) {
+            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                           _("vnc graphics are not supported with this QEMU"));
+            return ERROR;
+        }
 
-    virUUIDFormat(def->uuid, uuid);
+        if (graphics->data.vnc.socket ||
+            driver->vncAutoUnixSocket) {
 
-    emulator = def->emulator;
+            if (!graphics->data.vnc.socket &&
+                virAsprintf(&graphics->data.vnc.socket,
+                            "%s/%s.vnc", driver->libDir, def->name) == -1) {
+                return NO_MEMORY;
+            }
 
-    /*
-     * do not use boot=on for drives when not using KVM since this
-     * is not supported at all in upstream QEmu.
-     */
-    if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KVM) &&
-        (def->virtType == VIR_DOMAIN_VIRT_QEMU))
-        qemuCapsClear(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DRIVE_BOOT);
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, "unix:%s",
+                              graphics->data.vnc.socket);
 
-    switch (def->virtType) {
-    case VIR_DOMAIN_VIRT_QEMU:
-        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KQEMU))
-            disableKQEMU = 1;
-        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KVM))
-            disableKVM = 1;
-        break;
+        } else if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_VNC_COLON)) {
+            const char *listenNetwork;
+            const char *listenAddr = NULL;
+            char *netAddr = NULL;
+            bool escapeAddr;
+            int ret;
 
-    case VIR_DOMAIN_VIRT_KQEMU:
-        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KVM))
-            disableKVM = 1;
+            switch (virDomainGraphicsListenGetType(graphics, 0)) {
+            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_LISTEN_TYPE_ADDRESS:
+                listenAddr = virDomainGraphicsListenGetAddress(graphics, 0);
+                break;
 
-        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_ENABLE_KQEMU)) {
-            enableKQEMU = 1;
-        } else if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KQEMU)) {
-            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                           _("the QEMU binary %s does not support kqemu"),
-                           emulator);
-            goto error;
-        }
-        break;
+            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_LISTEN_TYPE_NETWORK:
+                listenNetwork = virDomainGraphicsListenGetNetwork(graphics, 0);
+                if (!listenNetwork)
+                    break;
+                ret = networkGetNetworkAddress(listenNetwork, &netAddr);
+                if (ret <= -2) {
+                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
+                                   "%s", _("network-based listen not possible, "
+                                           "network driver not present"));
+                    return 1;
+                }
+                if (ret < 0) {
+                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_XML_ERROR,
+                                   _("listen network '%s' had no usable address"),
+                                   listenNetwork);
+                    return 1;
+                }
+                listenAddr = netAddr;
+                /* store the address we found in the <graphics> element so it will
+                 * show up in status. */
+                if (virDomainGraphicsListenSetAddress(graphics, 0,
+                                                      listenAddr, -1, false) < 0)
+                   return 1;
+                break;
+            }
 
-    case VIR_DOMAIN_VIRT_KVM:
-        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KQEMU))
-            disableKQEMU = 1;
+            if (!listenAddr)
+                listenAddr = driver->vncListen;
 
-        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_ENABLE_KVM)) {
-            enableKVM = 1;
-        } else if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KVM)) {
-            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                           _("the QEMU binary %s does not support kvm"),
-                           emulator);
-            goto error;
+            escapeAddr = strchr(listenAddr, ':') != NULL;
+            if (escapeAddr)
+                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, "[%s]", listenAddr);
+            else
+                virBufferAdd(&opt, listenAddr, -1);
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ":%d",
+                              graphics->data.vnc.port - 5900);
+
+            VIR_FREE(netAddr);
+        } else {
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, "%d",
+                              graphics->data.vnc.port - 5900);
         }
-        break;
 
-    case VIR_DOMAIN_VIRT_XEN:
-        /* XXX better check for xenner */
-        break;
+        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_VNC_COLON)) {
+            if (graphics->data.vnc.auth.passwd ||
+                driver->vncPassword)
+                virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",password");
 
-    default:
-        virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                       _("the QEMU binary %s does not support %s"),
-                       emulator, virDomainVirtTypeToString(def->virtType));
-        break;
-    }
+            if (driver->vncTLS) {
+                virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",tls");
+                if (driver->vncTLSx509verify) {
+                    virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",x509verify=%s",
+                                      driver->vncTLSx509certdir);
+                } else {
+                    virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",x509=%s",
+                                      driver->vncTLSx509certdir);
+                }
+            }
 
-    cmd = virCommandNew(emulator);
+            if (driver->vncSASL) {
+                virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",sasl");
 
-    virCommandAddEnvPassCommon(cmd);
+                if (driver->vncSASLdir)
+                    virCommandAddEnvPair(cmd, "SASL_CONF_DIR",
+                                         driver->vncSASLdir);
 
-    if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NAME)) {
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-name");
-        if (driver->setProcessName &&
-            qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NAME_PROCESS)) {
-            virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "%s,process=qemu:%s",
-                                   def->name, def->name);
+                /* TODO: Support ACLs later */
+            }
+        }
+
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-vnc");
+        virCommandAddArgBuffer(cmd, &opt);
+        if (graphics->data.vnc.keymap) {
+            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-k", graphics->data.vnc.keymap,
+                                 NULL);
+        }
+
+        /* Unless user requested it, set the audio backend to none, to
+         * prevent it opening the host OS audio devices, since that causes
+         * security issues and might not work when using VNC.
+         */
+        if (driver->vncAllowHostAudio) {
+            virCommandAddEnvPass(cmd, "QEMU_AUDIO_DRV");
         } else {
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, def->name);
+            virCommandAddEnvString(cmd, "QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=none");
+        }
+    } else if (graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SDL) {
+        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_0_10) &&
+            !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_SDL)) {
+            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
+                           _("sdl not supported by '%s'"),
+                           def->emulator);
+            return 1;
         }
-    }
-    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-S"); /* freeze CPU */
 
-    if (qemuBuildMachineArgStr(cmd, def, caps) < 0)
-        goto error;
+        if (graphics->data.sdl.xauth)
+            virCommandAddEnvPair(cmd, "XAUTHORITY",
+                                 graphics->data.sdl.xauth);
+        if (graphics->data.sdl.display)
+            virCommandAddEnvPair(cmd, "DISPLAY",
+                                 graphics->data.sdl.display);
+        if (graphics->data.sdl.fullscreen)
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-full-screen");
 
-    if (qemuBuildCpuArgStr(driver, def, emulator, caps,
-                           &ut, &cpu, &hasHwVirt, !!migrateFrom) < 0)
-        goto error;
+        /* If using SDL for video, then we should just let it
+         * use QEMU's host audio drivers, possibly SDL too
+         * User can set these two before starting libvirtd
+         */
+        virCommandAddEnvPass(cmd, "QEMU_AUDIO_DRV");
+        virCommandAddEnvPass(cmd, "SDL_AUDIODRIVER");
 
-    if (cpu) {
-        virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-cpu", cpu, NULL);
-        VIR_FREE(cpu);
+        /* New QEMU has this flag to let us explicitly ask for
+         * SDL graphics. This is better than relying on the
+         * default, since the default changes :-( */
+        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_SDL))
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-sdl");
 
-        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NESTING) &&
-            hasHwVirt)
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-enable-nesting");
-    }
+    } else if (graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SPICE) {
+        virBuffer opt = VIR_BUFFER_INITIALIZER;
+        const char *listenNetwork;
+        const char *listenAddr = NULL;
+        char *netAddr = NULL;
+        int ret;
+        int defaultMode = graphics->data.spice.defaultMode;
 
-    if (disableKQEMU)
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-no-kqemu");
-    else if (enableKQEMU)
-        virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-enable-kqemu", "-kernel-kqemu", NULL);
-    if (disableKVM)
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-no-kvm");
-    if (enableKVM)
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-enable-kvm");
+        if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_SPICE)) {
+            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                           _("spice graphics are not supported with this QEMU"));
+            return 1;
+        }
 
-    if (def->os.loader) {
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-bios");
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, def->os.loader);
-    }
+        virBufferAsprintf(&opt, "port=%u", graphics->data.spice.port);
 
-    /* Set '-m MB' based on maxmem, because the lower 'memory' limit
-     * is set post-startup using the balloon driver. If balloon driver
-     * is not supported, then they're out of luck anyway.  Update the
-     * XML to reflect our rounding.
-     */
-    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-m");
-    def->mem.max_balloon = VIR_DIV_UP(def->mem.max_balloon, 1024) * 1024;
+        if (graphics->data.spice.tlsPort > 0) {
+            if (!driver->spiceTLS) {
+                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                               _("spice TLS port set in XML configuration,"
+                                 " but TLS is disabled in qemu.conf"));
+                return 1;
+            }
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",tls-port=%u",
+                              graphics->data.spice.tlsPort);
+        }
+
+        switch (virDomainGraphicsListenGetType(graphics, 0)) {
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_LISTEN_TYPE_ADDRESS:
+            listenAddr = virDomainGraphicsListenGetAddress(graphics, 0);
+            break;
+
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_LISTEN_TYPE_NETWORK:
+            listenNetwork = virDomainGraphicsListenGetNetwork(graphics, 0);
+            if (!listenNetwork)
+                break;
+            ret = networkGetNetworkAddress(listenNetwork, &netAddr);
+            if (ret <= -2) {
+                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
+                               "%s", _("network-based listen not possible, "
+                                       "network driver not present"));
+                return 1;
+            }
+            if (ret < 0) {
+                virReportError(VIR_ERR_XML_ERROR,
+                               _("listen network '%s' had no usable address"),
+                               listenNetwork);
+                return 1;
+            }
+            listenAddr = netAddr;
+            /* store the address we found in the <graphics> element so it will
+             * show up in status. */
+            if (virDomainGraphicsListenSetAddress(graphics, 0,
+                                                  listenAddr, -1, false) < 0)
+               return 1;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (!listenAddr)
+            listenAddr = driver->spiceListen;
+        if (listenAddr)
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",addr=%s", listenAddr);
+
+        VIR_FREE(netAddr);
+
+        int mm = graphics->data.spice.mousemode;
+        if (mm) {
+            switch (mm) {
+            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_MOUSE_MODE_SERVER:
+                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",agent-mouse=off");
+                break;
+            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_MOUSE_MODE_CLIENT:
+                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",agent-mouse=on");
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* In the password case we set it via monitor command, to avoid
+         * making it visible on CLI, so there's no use of password=XXX
+         * in this bit of the code */
+        if (!graphics->data.spice.auth.passwd &&
+            !driver->spicePassword)
+            virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",disable-ticketing");
+
+        if (driver->spiceTLS)
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",x509-dir=%s",
+                              driver->spiceTLSx509certdir);
+
+        switch (defaultMode) {
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_MODE_SECURE:
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",tls-channel=default");
+            break;
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_MODE_INSECURE:
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",plaintext-channel=default");
+            break;
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_MODE_ANY:
+            /* nothing */
+            break;
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0 ; i < VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_LAST ; i++) {
+            int mode = graphics->data.spice.channels[i];
+            switch (mode) {
+            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_MODE_SECURE:
+                if (!driver->spiceTLS) {
+                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                                   _("spice secure channels set in XML configuration, but TLS is disabled in qemu.conf"));
+                    return 1;
+                }
+                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",tls-channel=%s",
+                                  virDomainGraphicsSpiceChannelNameTypeToString(i));
+                break;
+            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_MODE_INSECURE:
+                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",plaintext-channel=%s",
+                                  virDomainGraphicsSpiceChannelNameTypeToString(i));
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (graphics->data.spice.image)
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",image-compression=%s",
+                              virDomainGraphicsSpiceImageCompressionTypeToString(graphics->data.spice.image));
+        if (graphics->data.spice.jpeg)
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",jpeg-wan-compression=%s",
+                              virDomainGraphicsSpiceJpegCompressionTypeToString(graphics->data.spice.jpeg));
+        if (graphics->data.spice.zlib)
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",zlib-glz-wan-compression=%s",
+                              virDomainGraphicsSpiceZlibCompressionTypeToString(graphics->data.spice.zlib));
+        if (graphics->data.spice.playback)
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",playback-compression=%s",
+                              virDomainGraphicsSpicePlaybackCompressionTypeToString(graphics->data.spice.playback));
+        if (graphics->data.spice.streaming)
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",streaming-video=%s",
+                              virDomainGraphicsSpiceStreamingModeTypeToString(graphics->data.spice.streaming));
+        if (graphics->data.spice.copypaste == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CLIPBOARD_COPYPASTE_NO)
+            virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",disable-copy-paste");
+
+        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_SEAMLESS_MIGRATION)) {
+            /* If qemu supports seamless migration turn it
+             * unconditionally on. If migration destination
+             * doesn't support it, it fallbacks to previous
+             * migration algorithm silently. */
+            virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",seamless-migration=on");
+        }
+
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-spice");
+        virCommandAddArgBuffer(cmd, &opt);
+        if (graphics->data.spice.keymap)
+            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-k",
+                                 graphics->data.spice.keymap, NULL);
+        /* SPICE includes native support for tunnelling audio, so we
+         * set the audio backend to point at SPICE's own driver
+         */
+        virCommandAddEnvString(cmd, "QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=spice");
+
+    } else {
+        virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
+                       _("unsupported graphics type '%s'"),
+                       virDomainGraphicsTypeToString(graphics->type));
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Constructs a argv suitable for launching qemu with config defined
+ * for a given virtual machine.
+ *
+ * XXX 'conn' is only required to resolve network -> bridge name
+ * figure out how to remove this requirement some day
+ */
+virCommandPtr
+qemuBuildCommandLine(virConnectPtr conn,
+                     struct qemud_driver *driver,
+                     virDomainDefPtr def,
+                     virDomainChrSourceDefPtr monitor_chr,
+                     bool monitor_json,
+                     qemuCapsPtr caps,
+                     const char *migrateFrom,
+                     int migrateFd,
+                     virDomainSnapshotObjPtr snapshot,
+                     enum virNetDevVPortProfileOp vmop)
+{
+    int i, j;
+    struct utsname ut;
+    int disableKQEMU = 0;
+    int enableKQEMU = 0;
+    int disableKVM = 0;
+    int enableKVM = 0;
+    const char *emulator;
+    char uuid[VIR_UUID_STRING_BUFLEN];
+    char *cpu;
+    char *smp;
+    int last_good_net = -1;
+    bool hasHwVirt = false;
+    virCommandPtr cmd = NULL;
+    bool emitBootindex = false;
+    int usbcontroller = 0;
+    bool usblegacy = false;
+    uname_normalize(&ut);
+    int contOrder[] = {
+        /* We don't add an explicit IDE or FD controller because the
+         * provided PIIX4 device already includes one. It isn't possible to
+         * remove the PIIX4. */
+        VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_USB,
+        VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SCSI,
+        VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SATA,
+        VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_VIRTIO_SERIAL,
+        VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_CCID,
+    };
+
+    VIR_DEBUG("conn=%p driver=%p def=%p mon=%p json=%d "
+              "caps=%p migrateFrom=%s migrateFD=%d "
+              "snapshot=%p vmop=%d",
+              conn, driver, def, monitor_chr, monitor_json,
+              caps, migrateFrom, migrateFd, snapshot, vmop);
+
+    virUUIDFormat(def->uuid, uuid);
+
+    emulator = def->emulator;
+
+    /*
+     * do not use boot=on for drives when not using KVM since this
+     * is not supported at all in upstream QEmu.
+     */
+    if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KVM) &&
+        (def->virtType == VIR_DOMAIN_VIRT_QEMU))
+        qemuCapsClear(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DRIVE_BOOT);
+
+    switch (def->virtType) {
+    case VIR_DOMAIN_VIRT_QEMU:
+        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KQEMU))
+            disableKQEMU = 1;
+        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KVM))
+            disableKVM = 1;
+        break;
+
+    case VIR_DOMAIN_VIRT_KQEMU:
+        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KVM))
+            disableKVM = 1;
+
+        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_ENABLE_KQEMU)) {
+            enableKQEMU = 1;
+        } else if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KQEMU)) {
+            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
+                           _("the QEMU binary %s does not support kqemu"),
+                           emulator);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case VIR_DOMAIN_VIRT_KVM:
+        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KQEMU))
+            disableKQEMU = 1;
+
+        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_ENABLE_KVM)) {
+            enableKVM = 1;
+        } else if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_KVM)) {
+            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
+                           _("the QEMU binary %s does not support kvm"),
+                           emulator);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case VIR_DOMAIN_VIRT_XEN:
+        /* XXX better check for xenner */
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
+                       _("the QEMU binary %s does not support %s"),
+                       emulator, virDomainVirtTypeToString(def->virtType));
+        break;
+    }
+
+    cmd = virCommandNew(emulator);
+
+    virCommandAddEnvPassCommon(cmd);
+
+    if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NAME)) {
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-name");
+        if (driver->setProcessName &&
+            qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NAME_PROCESS)) {
+            virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "%s,process=qemu:%s",
+                                   def->name, def->name);
+        } else {
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, def->name);
+        }
+    }
+    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-S"); /* freeze CPU */
+
+    if (qemuBuildMachineArgStr(cmd, def, caps) < 0)
+        goto error;
+
+    if (qemuBuildCpuArgStr(driver, def, emulator, caps,
+                           &ut, &cpu, &hasHwVirt, !!migrateFrom) < 0)
+        goto error;
+
+    if (cpu) {
+        virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-cpu", cpu, NULL);
+        VIR_FREE(cpu);
+
+        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NESTING) &&
+            hasHwVirt)
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-enable-nesting");
+    }
+
+    if (disableKQEMU)
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-no-kqemu");
+    else if (enableKQEMU)
+        virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-enable-kqemu", "-kernel-kqemu", NULL);
+    if (disableKVM)
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-no-kvm");
+    if (enableKVM)
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-enable-kvm");
+
+    if (def->os.loader) {
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-bios");
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, def->os.loader);
+    }
+
+    /* Set '-m MB' based on maxmem, because the lower 'memory' limit
+     * is set post-startup using the balloon driver. If balloon driver
+     * is not supported, then they're out of luck anyway.  Update the
+     * XML to reflect our rounding.
+     */
+    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-m");
+    def->mem.max_balloon = VIR_DIV_UP(def->mem.max_balloon, 1024) * 1024;
     virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "%llu", def->mem.max_balloon / 1024);
     if (def->mem.hugepage_backed) {
         if (!driver->hugetlbfs_mount) {
@@ -4954,1231 +5282,924 @@ qemuBuildCommandLine(virConnectPtr conn,
                     break;
                 case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_NET:
                     boot[i] = 'n';
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    boot[i] = 'c';
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            boot[def->os.nBootDevs] = '\0';
-
-            virBufferAsprintf(&boot_buf, "%s", boot);
-            boot_nparams++;
-        }
-
-        if (def->os.bootmenu) {
-            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_BOOT_MENU)) {
-                if (boot_nparams++)
-                    virBufferAddChar(&boot_buf, ',');
-
-                if (def->os.bootmenu == VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_MENU_ENABLED)
-                    virBufferAsprintf(&boot_buf, "menu=on");
-                else
-                    virBufferAsprintf(&boot_buf, "menu=off");
-            } else {
-                /* We cannot emit an error when bootmenu is enabled but
-                 * unsupported because of backward compatibility */
-                VIR_WARN("bootmenu is enabled but not "
-                         "supported by this QEMU binary");
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (def->os.bios.rt_set) {
-            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_REBOOT_TIMEOUT)) {
-                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                               _("reboot timeout is not supported "
-                                 "by this QEMU binary"));
-                goto error;
-            }
-
-            if (boot_nparams++)
-                virBufferAddChar(&boot_buf, ',');
-
-            virBufferAsprintf(&boot_buf,
-                              "reboot-timeout=%d",
-                              def->os.bios.rt_delay);
-        }
-
-        if (boot_nparams > 0) {
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-boot");
-
-            if (boot_nparams < 2 || emitBootindex) {
-                virCommandAddArgBuffer(cmd, &boot_buf);
-            } else {
-                virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd,
-                                       "order=%s",
-                                       virBufferContentAndReset(&boot_buf));
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (def->os.kernel)
-            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-kernel", def->os.kernel, NULL);
-        if (def->os.initrd)
-            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-initrd", def->os.initrd, NULL);
-        if (def->os.cmdline)
-            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-append", def->os.cmdline, NULL);
-    } else {
-        virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-bootloader", def->os.bootloader, NULL);
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0 ; i < def->ndisks ; i++) {
-        virDomainDiskDefPtr disk = def->disks[i];
-
-        if (disk->driverName != NULL &&
-            !STREQ(disk->driverName, "qemu")) {
-            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                           _("unsupported driver name '%s' for disk '%s'"),
-                           disk->driverName, disk->src);
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
-        for (j = 0; j < ARRAY_CARDINALITY(contOrder); j++) {
-            for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
-                virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];
-
-                if (cont->type != contOrder[j])
-                    continue;
-
-                /* Also, skip USB controllers with type none.*/
-                if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_USB &&
-                    cont->model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_NONE) {
-                    usbcontroller = -1; /* mark we don't want a controller */
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                /* Only recent QEMU implements a SATA (AHCI) controller */
-                if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SATA) {
-                    if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_ICH9_AHCI)) {
-                        virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                                       _("SATA is not supported with this "
-                                         "QEMU binary"));
-                        goto error;
-                    } else {
-                        char *devstr;
-
-                        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
-                        if (!(devstr = qemuBuildControllerDevStr(def, cont,
-                                                                 caps, NULL)))
-                            goto error;
-
-                        virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-                        VIR_FREE(devstr);
-                    }
-                } else if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_USB &&
-                           cont->model == -1 &&
-                           !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_PIIX3_USB_UHCI)) {
-                    if (usblegacy) {
-                        virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                                       _("Multiple legacy USB controllers are "
-                                         "not supported"));
-                        goto error;
-                    }
-                    usblegacy = true;
-                } else {
-                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
-
-                    char *devstr;
-                    if (!(devstr = qemuBuildControllerDevStr(def, cont, caps,
-                                                             &usbcontroller)))
-                        goto error;
-
-                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-                    VIR_FREE(devstr);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (usbcontroller == 0)
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-usb");
-
-    for (i = 0 ; i < def->nhubs ; i++) {
-        virDomainHubDefPtr hub = def->hubs[i];
-        char *optstr;
-
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
-        if (!(optstr = qemuBuildHubDevStr(hub, caps)))
-            goto error;
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
-        VIR_FREE(optstr);
-    }
-
-    /* If QEMU supports -drive param instead of old -hda, -hdb, -cdrom .. */
-    if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DRIVE)) {
-        int bootCD = 0, bootFloppy = 0, bootDisk = 0;
-
-        if ((qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DRIVE_BOOT) || emitBootindex)) {
-            /* bootDevs will get translated into either bootindex=N or boot=on
-             * depending on what qemu supports */
-            for (i = 0 ; i < def->os.nBootDevs ; i++) {
-                switch (def->os.bootDevs[i]) {
-                case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_CDROM:
-                    bootCD = i + 1;
-                    break;
-                case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_FLOPPY:
-                    bootFloppy = i + 1;
-                    break;
-                case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_DISK:
-                    bootDisk = i + 1;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (i = 0 ; i < def->ndisks ; i++) {
-            char *optstr;
-            int bootindex = 0;
-            virDomainDiskDefPtr disk = def->disks[i];
-            int withDeviceArg = 0;
-            bool deviceFlagMasked = false;
-
-            /* Unless we have -device, then USB disks need special
-               handling */
-            if ((disk->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_USB) &&
-                !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
-                if (disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_DISK) {
-                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-usbdevice");
-                    virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "disk:%s", disk->src);
-                } else {
-                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
-                                   _("unsupported usb disk type for '%s'"),
-                                   disk->src);
-                    goto error;
-                }
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            switch (disk->device) {
-            case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_CDROM:
-                bootindex = bootCD;
-                bootCD = 0;
-                break;
-            case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_FLOPPY:
-                bootindex = bootFloppy;
-                bootFloppy = 0;
-                break;
-            case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_DISK:
-            case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_LUN:
-                bootindex = bootDisk;
-                bootDisk = 0;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-drive");
-
-            /* Unfortunately it is not possible to use
-               -device for floppies, or Xen paravirt
-               devices. Fortunately, those don't need
-               static PCI addresses, so we don't really
-               care that we can't use -device */
-            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
-                if (disk->bus != VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_XEN) {
-                    withDeviceArg = 1;
-                } else {
-                    qemuCapsClear(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE);
-                    deviceFlagMasked = true;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    boot[i] = 'c';
+                    break;
                 }
             }
-            optstr = qemuBuildDriveStr(conn, disk,
-                                       emitBootindex ? false : !!bootindex,
-                                       caps);
-            if (deviceFlagMasked)
-                qemuCapsSet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE);
-            if (!optstr)
-                goto error;
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
-            VIR_FREE(optstr);
-
-            if (!emitBootindex)
-                bootindex = 0;
-            else if (disk->info.bootIndex)
-                bootindex = disk->info.bootIndex;
+            boot[def->os.nBootDevs] = '\0';
 
-            if (withDeviceArg) {
-                if (disk->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_FDC) {
-                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-global");
-                    virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "isa-fdc.drive%c=drive-%s",
-                                           disk->info.addr.drive.unit
-                                           ? 'B' : 'A',
-                                           disk->info.alias);
+            virBufferAsprintf(&boot_buf, "%s", boot);
+            boot_nparams++;
+        }
 
-                    if (bootindex) {
-                        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-global");
-                        virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "isa-fdc.bootindex%c=%d",
-                                               disk->info.addr.drive.unit
-                                               ? 'B' : 'A',
-                                               bootindex);
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
+        if (def->os.bootmenu) {
+            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_BOOT_MENU)) {
+                if (boot_nparams++)
+                    virBufferAddChar(&boot_buf, ',');
 
-                    if (!(optstr = qemuBuildDriveDevStr(def, disk, bootindex,
-                                                        caps)))
-                        goto error;
-                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
-                    VIR_FREE(optstr);
-                }
+                if (def->os.bootmenu == VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_MENU_ENABLED)
+                    virBufferAsprintf(&boot_buf, "menu=on");
+                else
+                    virBufferAsprintf(&boot_buf, "menu=off");
+            } else {
+                /* We cannot emit an error when bootmenu is enabled but
+                 * unsupported because of backward compatibility */
+                VIR_WARN("bootmenu is enabled but not "
+                         "supported by this QEMU binary");
             }
         }
-    } else {
-        for (i = 0 ; i < def->ndisks ; i++) {
-            char dev[NAME_MAX];
-            char *file;
-            const char *fmt;
-            virDomainDiskDefPtr disk = def->disks[i];
 
-            if ((disk->type == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_TYPE_BLOCK) &&
-                (disk->tray_status == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_TRAY_OPEN)) {
+        if (def->os.bios.rt_set) {
+            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_REBOOT_TIMEOUT)) {
                 virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                               _("tray status 'open' is invalid for "
-                                 "block type disk"));
+                               _("reboot timeout is not supported "
+                                 "by this QEMU binary"));
                 goto error;
             }
 
-            if (disk->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_USB) {
-                if (disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_DISK) {
-                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-usbdevice");
-                    virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "disk:%s", disk->src);
-                } else {
-                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
-                                   _("unsupported usb disk type for '%s'"),
-                                   disk->src);
-                    goto error;
-                }
-                continue;
-            }
+            if (boot_nparams++)
+                virBufferAddChar(&boot_buf, ',');
 
-            if (STREQ(disk->dst, "hdc") &&
-                disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_CDROM) {
-                if (disk->src) {
-                    snprintf(dev, NAME_MAX, "-%s", "cdrom");
-                } else {
-                    continue;
-                }
-            } else {
-                if (STRPREFIX(disk->dst, "hd") ||
-                    STRPREFIX(disk->dst, "fd")) {
-                    snprintf(dev, NAME_MAX, "-%s", disk->dst);
-                } else {
-                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
-                                   _("unsupported disk type '%s'"), disk->dst);
-                    goto error;
-                }
-            }
+            virBufferAsprintf(&boot_buf,
+                              "reboot-timeout=%d",
+                              def->os.bios.rt_delay);
+        }
 
-            if (disk->type == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_TYPE_DIR) {
-                /* QEMU only supports magic FAT format for now */
-                if (disk->format > 0 && disk->format != VIR_STORAGE_FILE_FAT) {
-                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
-                                   _("unsupported disk driver type for '%s'"),
-                                   virStorageFileFormatTypeToString(disk->format));
-                    goto error;
-                }
-                if (!disk->readonly) {
-                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
-                                   _("cannot create virtual FAT disks in read-write mode"));
-                    goto error;
-                }
-                if (disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_FLOPPY)
-                    fmt = "fat:floppy:%s";
-                else
-                    fmt = "fat:%s";
+        if (boot_nparams > 0) {
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-boot");
 
-                if (virAsprintf(&file, fmt, disk->src) < 0) {
-                    goto no_memory;
-                }
-            } else if (disk->type == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_TYPE_NETWORK) {
-                switch (disk->protocol) {
-                case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_PROTOCOL_NBD:
-                    if (disk->nhosts != 1) {
-                        virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
-                                       _("NBD accepts only one host"));
-                        goto error;
-                    }
-                    if (virAsprintf(&file, "nbd:%s:%s,", disk->hosts->name,
-                                    disk->hosts->port) < 0) {
-                        goto no_memory;
-                    }
-                    break;
-                case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_PROTOCOL_RBD:
-                    {
-                        virBuffer opt = VIR_BUFFER_INITIALIZER;
-                        if (qemuBuildRBDString(conn, disk, &opt) < 0)
-                            goto error;
-                        if (virBufferError(&opt)) {
-                            virReportOOMError();
-                            goto error;
-                        }
-                        file = virBufferContentAndReset(&opt);
-                    }
-                    break;
-                case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_PROTOCOL_SHEEPDOG:
-                    if (disk->nhosts == 0) {
-                        if (virAsprintf(&file, "sheepdog:%s,", disk->src) < 0) {
-                            goto no_memory;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        /* only one host is supported now */
-                        if (virAsprintf(&file, "sheepdog:%s:%s:%s,",
-                                        disk->hosts->name, disk->hosts->port,
-                                        disk->src) < 0) {
-                            goto no_memory;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
+            if (boot_nparams < 2 || emitBootindex) {
+                virCommandAddArgBuffer(cmd, &boot_buf);
             } else {
-                if (!(file = strdup(disk->src))) {
-                    goto no_memory;
-                }
+                virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd,
+                                       "order=%s",
+                                       virBufferContentAndReset(&boot_buf));
             }
-
-            /* Don't start with source if the tray is open for
-             * CDROM and Floppy device.
-             */
-            if (!((disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_FLOPPY ||
-                   disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_CDROM) &&
-                  disk->tray_status == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_TRAY_OPEN))
-                virCommandAddArgList(cmd, dev, file, NULL);
-            VIR_FREE(file);
         }
-    }
-
-    if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_FSDEV)) {
-        for (i = 0 ; i < def->nfss ; i++) {
-            char *optstr;
-            virDomainFSDefPtr fs = def->fss[i];
-
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-fsdev");
-            if (!(optstr = qemuBuildFSStr(fs, caps)))
-                goto error;
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
-            VIR_FREE(optstr);
 
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
-            if (!(optstr = qemuBuildFSDevStr(fs, caps)))
-                goto error;
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
-            VIR_FREE(optstr);
-        }
+        if (def->os.kernel)
+            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-kernel", def->os.kernel, NULL);
+        if (def->os.initrd)
+            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-initrd", def->os.initrd, NULL);
+        if (def->os.cmdline)
+            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-append", def->os.cmdline, NULL);
     } else {
-        if (def->nfss) {
-            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                           _("filesystem passthrough not supported by this QEMU"));
-            goto error;
-        }
+        virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-bootloader", def->os.bootloader, NULL);
     }
 
-    if (!def->nnets) {
-        /* If we have -device, then we set -nodefault already */
-        if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE))
-            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-net", "none", NULL);
-    } else {
-        int bootNet = 0;
+    for (i = 0 ; i < def->ndisks ; i++) {
+        virDomainDiskDefPtr disk = def->disks[i];
 
-        if (emitBootindex) {
-            /* convert <boot dev='network'/> to bootindex since we didn't emit
-             * -boot n
-             */
-            for (i = 0 ; i < def->os.nBootDevs ; i++) {
-                if (def->os.bootDevs[i] == VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_NET) {
-                    bootNet = i + 1;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
+        if (disk->driverName != NULL &&
+            !STREQ(disk->driverName, "qemu")) {
+            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
+                           _("unsupported driver name '%s' for disk '%s'"),
+                           disk->driverName, disk->src);
+            goto error;
         }
+    }
 
-        for (i = 0 ; i < def->nnets ; i++) {
-            virDomainNetDefPtr net = def->nets[i];
-            char *nic, *host;
-            char tapfd_name[50] = "";
-            char vhostfd_name[50] = "";
-            int vlan;
-            int bootindex = bootNet;
-            int actualType;
-
-            bootNet = 0;
-            if (!bootindex)
-                bootindex = net->info.bootIndex;
+    if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
+        for (j = 0; j < ARRAY_CARDINALITY(contOrder); j++) {
+            for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
+                virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];
 
-            /* VLANs are not used with -netdev, so don't record them */
-            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NETDEV) &&
-                qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE))
-                vlan = -1;
-            else
-                vlan = i;
+                if (cont->type != contOrder[j])
+                    continue;
 
-            /* If appropriate, grab a physical device from the configured
-             * network's pool of devices, or resolve bridge device name
-             * to the one defined in the network definition.
-             */
-            if (networkAllocateActualDevice(net) < 0)
-               goto error;
+                /* Also, skip USB controllers with type none.*/
+                if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_USB &&
+                    cont->model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_NONE) {
+                    usbcontroller = -1; /* mark we don't want a controller */
+                    continue;
+                }
 
-            actualType = virDomainNetGetActualType(net);
-            if (actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_HOSTDEV) {
-                if (net->type == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_NETWORK) {
-                    virDomainHostdevDefPtr hostdev = virDomainNetGetActualHostdev(net);
-                    virDomainHostdevDefPtr found;
-                    /* For a network with <forward mode='hostdev'>, there is a need to
-                     * add the newly minted hostdev to the hostdevs array.
-                     */
-                    if (qemuAssignDeviceHostdevAlias(def, hostdev,
-                                                     (def->nhostdevs-1)) < 0) {
+                /* Only recent QEMU implements a SATA (AHCI) controller */
+                if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SATA) {
+                    if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_ICH9_AHCI)) {
+                        virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                                       _("SATA is not supported with this "
+                                         "QEMU binary"));
                         goto error;
-                    }
+                    } else {
+                        char *devstr;
 
-                    if (virDomainHostdevFind(def, hostdev, &found) < 0) {
-                        if (virDomainHostdevInsert(def, hostdev) < 0) {
-                            virReportOOMError();
-                            goto error;
-                        }
-                        if (qemuPrepareHostdevPCIDevices(driver, def->name, def->uuid,
-                                                         &hostdev, 1) < 0) {
+                        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
+                        if (!(devstr = qemuBuildControllerDevStr(def, cont,
+                                                                 caps, NULL)))
                             goto error;
-                        }
+
+                        virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+                        VIR_FREE(devstr);
                     }
-                    else {
-                        virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
-                                       _("PCI device %04x:%02x:%02x.%x "
-                                         "allocated from network %s is already "
-                                         "in use by domain %s"),
-                                       hostdev->source.subsys.u.pci.domain,
-                                       hostdev->source.subsys.u.pci.bus,
-                                       hostdev->source.subsys.u.pci.slot,
-                                       hostdev->source.subsys.u.pci.function,
-                                       net->data.network.name,
-                                       def->name);
+                } else if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_USB &&
+                           cont->model == -1 &&
+                           !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_PIIX3_USB_UHCI)) {
+                    if (usblegacy) {
+                        virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                                       _("Multiple legacy USB controllers are "
+                                         "not supported"));
                         goto error;
                     }
+                    usblegacy = true;
+                } else {
+                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
+
+                    char *devstr;
+                    if (!(devstr = qemuBuildControllerDevStr(def, cont, caps,
+                                                             &usbcontroller)))
+                        goto error;
+
+                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+                    VIR_FREE(devstr);
                 }
-                continue;
             }
+        }
+    }
 
-            if (actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_NETWORK ||
-                actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_BRIDGE) {
-                /*
-                 * If type='bridge' then we attempt to allocate the tap fd here only if
-                 * running under a privilged user or -netdev bridge option is not
-                 * supported.
-                 */
-                if (actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_NETWORK ||
-                    driver->privileged ||
-                    (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NETDEV_BRIDGE))) {
-                    int tapfd = qemuNetworkIfaceConnect(def, conn, driver, net,
-                                                        caps);
-                    if (tapfd < 0)
-                        goto error;
+    if (usbcontroller == 0)
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-usb");
 
-                    last_good_net = i;
-                    virCommandTransferFD(cmd, tapfd);
+    for (i = 0 ; i < def->nhubs ; i++) {
+        virDomainHubDefPtr hub = def->hubs[i];
+        char *optstr;
 
-                    if (snprintf(tapfd_name, sizeof(tapfd_name), "%d",
-                                 tapfd) >= sizeof(tapfd_name))
-                        goto no_memory;
-                }
-            } else if (actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_DIRECT) {
-                int tapfd = qemuPhysIfaceConnect(def, driver, net,
-                                                 caps, vmop);
-                if (tapfd < 0)
-                    goto error;
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
+        if (!(optstr = qemuBuildHubDevStr(hub, caps)))
+            goto error;
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
+        VIR_FREE(optstr);
+    }
 
-                last_good_net = i;
-                virCommandTransferFD(cmd, tapfd);
+    /* If QEMU supports -drive param instead of old -hda, -hdb, -cdrom .. */
+    if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DRIVE)) {
+        int bootCD = 0, bootFloppy = 0, bootDisk = 0;
 
-                if (snprintf(tapfd_name, sizeof(tapfd_name), "%d",
-                             tapfd) >= sizeof(tapfd_name))
-                    goto no_memory;
+        if ((qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DRIVE_BOOT) || emitBootindex)) {
+            /* bootDevs will get translated into either bootindex=N or boot=on
+             * depending on what qemu supports */
+            for (i = 0 ; i < def->os.nBootDevs ; i++) {
+                switch (def->os.bootDevs[i]) {
+                case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_CDROM:
+                    bootCD = i + 1;
+                    break;
+                case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_FLOPPY:
+                    bootFloppy = i + 1;
+                    break;
+                case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_DISK:
+                    bootDisk = i + 1;
+                    break;
+                }
             }
+        }
 
-            if (actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_NETWORK ||
-                actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_BRIDGE ||
-                actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_DIRECT) {
-                /* Attempt to use vhost-net mode for these types of
-                   network device */
-                int vhostfd;
+        for (i = 0 ; i < def->ndisks ; i++) {
+            char *optstr;
+            int bootindex = 0;
+            virDomainDiskDefPtr disk = def->disks[i];
+            int withDeviceArg = 0;
+            bool deviceFlagMasked = false;
 
-                if (qemuOpenVhostNet(def, net, caps, &vhostfd) < 0)
+            /* Unless we have -device, then USB disks need special
+               handling */
+            if ((disk->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_USB) &&
+                !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
+                if (disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_DISK) {
+                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-usbdevice");
+                    virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "disk:%s", disk->src);
+                } else {
+                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+                                   _("unsupported usb disk type for '%s'"),
+                                   disk->src);
                     goto error;
-                if (vhostfd >= 0) {
-                    virCommandTransferFD(cmd, vhostfd);
-
-                    if (snprintf(vhostfd_name, sizeof(vhostfd_name), "%d",
-                                 vhostfd) >= sizeof(vhostfd_name))
-                        goto no_memory;
                 }
+                continue;
             }
-            /* Possible combinations:
-             *
-             *  1. Old way:   -net nic,model=e1000,vlan=1 -net tap,vlan=1
-             *  2. Semi-new:  -device e1000,vlan=1        -net tap,vlan=1
-             *  3. Best way:  -netdev type=tap,id=netdev1 -device e1000,id=netdev1
-             *
-             * NB, no support for -netdev without use of -device
-             */
-            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NETDEV) &&
-                qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-netdev");
-                if (!(host = qemuBuildHostNetStr(net, driver, caps,
-                                                 ',', vlan, tapfd_name,
-                                                 vhostfd_name)))
-                    goto error;
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, host);
-                VIR_FREE(host);
+
+            switch (disk->device) {
+            case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_CDROM:
+                bootindex = bootCD;
+                bootCD = 0;
+                break;
+            case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_FLOPPY:
+                bootindex = bootFloppy;
+                bootFloppy = 0;
+                break;
+            case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_DISK:
+            case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_LUN:
+                bootindex = bootDisk;
+                bootDisk = 0;
+                break;
             }
+
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-drive");
+
+            /* Unfortunately it is not possible to use
+               -device for floppies, or Xen paravirt
+               devices. Fortunately, those don't need
+               static PCI addresses, so we don't really
+               care that we can't use -device */
             if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
-                nic = qemuBuildNicDevStr(net, vlan, bootindex, caps);
-                if (!nic)
-                    goto error;
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, nic);
-                VIR_FREE(nic);
-            } else {
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-net");
-                if (!(nic = qemuBuildNicStr(net, "nic,", vlan)))
-                    goto error;
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, nic);
-                VIR_FREE(nic);
-            }
-            if (!(qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NETDEV) &&
-                  qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE))) {
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-net");
-                if (!(host = qemuBuildHostNetStr(net, driver, caps,
-                                                 ',', vlan, tapfd_name,
-                                                 vhostfd_name)))
-                    goto error;
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, host);
-                VIR_FREE(host);
+                if (disk->bus != VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_XEN) {
+                    withDeviceArg = 1;
+                } else {
+                    qemuCapsClear(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE);
+                    deviceFlagMasked = true;
+                }
             }
-        }
-    }
+            optstr = qemuBuildDriveStr(conn, disk,
+                                       emitBootindex ? false : !!bootindex,
+                                       caps);
+            if (deviceFlagMasked)
+                qemuCapsSet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE);
+            if (!optstr)
+                goto error;
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
+            VIR_FREE(optstr);
+
+            if (!emitBootindex)
+                bootindex = 0;
+            else if (disk->info.bootIndex)
+                bootindex = disk->info.bootIndex;
 
-    if (def->nsmartcards) {
-        /* -device usb-ccid was already emitted along with other
-         * controllers.  For now, qemu handles only one smartcard.  */
-        virDomainSmartcardDefPtr smartcard = def->smartcards[0];
-        char *devstr;
-        virBuffer opt = VIR_BUFFER_INITIALIZER;
-        const char *database;
+            if (withDeviceArg) {
+                if (disk->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_FDC) {
+                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-global");
+                    virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "isa-fdc.drive%c=drive-%s",
+                                           disk->info.addr.drive.unit
+                                           ? 'B' : 'A',
+                                           disk->info.alias);
 
-        if (def->nsmartcards > 1 ||
-            smartcard->info.type != VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_CCID ||
-            smartcard->info.addr.ccid.controller != 0 ||
-            smartcard->info.addr.ccid.slot != 0) {
-            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                           _("this QEMU binary lacks multiple smartcard "
-                             "support"));
-            virBufferFreeAndReset(&opt);
-            goto error;
-        }
+                    if (bootindex) {
+                        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-global");
+                        virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "isa-fdc.bootindex%c=%d",
+                                               disk->info.addr.drive.unit
+                                               ? 'B' : 'A',
+                                               bootindex);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
 
-        switch (smartcard->type) {
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_SMARTCARD_TYPE_HOST:
-            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) ||
-                !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CCID_EMULATED)) {
-                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                               _("this QEMU binary lacks smartcard host "
-                                 "mode support"));
-                goto error;
+                    if (!(optstr = qemuBuildDriveDevStr(def, disk, bootindex,
+                                                        caps)))
+                        goto error;
+                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
+                    VIR_FREE(optstr);
+                }
             }
+        }
+    } else {
+        for (i = 0 ; i < def->ndisks ; i++) {
+            char dev[NAME_MAX];
+            char *file;
+            const char *fmt;
+            virDomainDiskDefPtr disk = def->disks[i];
 
-            virBufferAddLit(&opt, "ccid-card-emulated,backend=nss-emulated");
-            break;
-
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_SMARTCARD_TYPE_HOST_CERTIFICATES:
-            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) ||
-                !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CCID_EMULATED)) {
+            if ((disk->type == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_TYPE_BLOCK) &&
+                (disk->tray_status == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_TRAY_OPEN)) {
                 virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                               _("this QEMU binary lacks smartcard host "
-                                 "mode support"));
+                               _("tray status 'open' is invalid for "
+                                 "block type disk"));
                 goto error;
             }
 
-            virBufferAddLit(&opt, "ccid-card-emulated,backend=certificates");
-            for (j = 0; j < VIR_DOMAIN_SMARTCARD_NUM_CERTIFICATES; j++) {
-                if (strchr(smartcard->data.cert.file[j], ',')) {
-                    virBufferFreeAndReset(&opt);
-                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                                   _("invalid certificate name: %s"),
-                                   smartcard->data.cert.file[j]);
+            if (disk->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_USB) {
+                if (disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_DISK) {
+                    virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-usbdevice");
+                    virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "disk:%s", disk->src);
+                } else {
+                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+                                   _("unsupported usb disk type for '%s'"),
+                                   disk->src);
                     goto error;
                 }
-                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",cert%d=%s", j + 1,
-                                  smartcard->data.cert.file[j]);
+                continue;
             }
-            if (smartcard->data.cert.database) {
-                if (strchr(smartcard->data.cert.database, ',')) {
-                    virBufferFreeAndReset(&opt);
-                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                                   _("invalid database name: %s"),
-                                   smartcard->data.cert.database);
-                    goto error;
+
+            if (STREQ(disk->dst, "hdc") &&
+                disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_CDROM) {
+                if (disk->src) {
+                    snprintf(dev, NAME_MAX, "-%s", "cdrom");
+                } else {
+                    continue;
                 }
-                database = smartcard->data.cert.database;
             } else {
-                database = VIR_DOMAIN_SMARTCARD_DEFAULT_DATABASE;
+                if (STRPREFIX(disk->dst, "hd") ||
+                    STRPREFIX(disk->dst, "fd")) {
+                    snprintf(dev, NAME_MAX, "-%s", disk->dst);
+                } else {
+                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+                                   _("unsupported disk type '%s'"), disk->dst);
+                    goto error;
+                }
             }
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",database=%s", database);
-            break;
 
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_SMARTCARD_TYPE_PASSTHROUGH:
-            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) ||
-                !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CCID_PASSTHRU)) {
-                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                               _("this QEMU binary lacks smartcard "
-                                 "passthrough mode support"));
-                goto error;
-            }
+            if (disk->type == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_TYPE_DIR) {
+                /* QEMU only supports magic FAT format for now */
+                if (disk->format > 0 && disk->format != VIR_STORAGE_FILE_FAT) {
+                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+                                   _("unsupported disk driver type for '%s'"),
+                                   virStorageFileFormatTypeToString(disk->format));
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                if (!disk->readonly) {
+                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
+                                   _("cannot create virtual FAT disks in read-write mode"));
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                if (disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_FLOPPY)
+                    fmt = "fat:floppy:%s";
+                else
+                    fmt = "fat:%s";
 
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
-            if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&smartcard->data.passthru,
-                                                  smartcard->info.alias,
-                                                  caps))) {
-                virBufferFreeAndReset(&opt);
-                goto error;
+                if (virAsprintf(&file, fmt, disk->src) < 0) {
+                    goto no_memory;
+                }
+            } else if (disk->type == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_TYPE_NETWORK) {
+                switch (disk->protocol) {
+                case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_PROTOCOL_NBD:
+                    if (disk->nhosts != 1) {
+                        virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
+                                       _("NBD accepts only one host"));
+                        goto error;
+                    }
+                    if (virAsprintf(&file, "nbd:%s:%s,", disk->hosts->name,
+                                    disk->hosts->port) < 0) {
+                        goto no_memory;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_PROTOCOL_RBD:
+                    {
+                        virBuffer opt = VIR_BUFFER_INITIALIZER;
+                        if (qemuBuildRBDString(conn, disk, &opt) < 0)
+                            goto error;
+                        if (virBufferError(&opt)) {
+                            virReportOOMError();
+                            goto error;
+                        }
+                        file = virBufferContentAndReset(&opt);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_PROTOCOL_SHEEPDOG:
+                    if (disk->nhosts == 0) {
+                        if (virAsprintf(&file, "sheepdog:%s,", disk->src) < 0) {
+                            goto no_memory;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        /* only one host is supported now */
+                        if (virAsprintf(&file, "sheepdog:%s:%s:%s,",
+                                        disk->hosts->name, disk->hosts->port,
+                                        disk->src) < 0) {
+                            goto no_memory;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (!(file = strdup(disk->src))) {
+                    goto no_memory;
+                }
             }
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-            VIR_FREE(devstr);
-
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, "ccid-card-passthru,chardev=char%s",
-                              smartcard->info.alias);
-            break;
 
-        default:
-            virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
-                           _("unexpected smartcard type %d"),
-                           smartcard->type);
-            virBufferFreeAndReset(&opt);
-            goto error;
+            /* Don't start with source if the tray is open for
+             * CDROM and Floppy device.
+             */
+            if (!((disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_FLOPPY ||
+                   disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_CDROM) &&
+                  disk->tray_status == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_TRAY_OPEN))
+                virCommandAddArgList(cmd, dev, file, NULL);
+            VIR_FREE(file);
         }
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
-        virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",id=%s,bus=ccid0.0", smartcard->info.alias);
-        virCommandAddArgBuffer(cmd, &opt);
     }
 
-    if (!def->nserials) {
-        /* If we have -device, then we set -nodefault already */
-        if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE))
-            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-serial", "none", NULL);
-    } else {
-        for (i = 0 ; i < def->nserials ; i++) {
-            virDomainChrDefPtr serial = def->serials[i];
-            char *devstr;
-
-            /* Use -chardev with -device if they are available */
-            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) &&
-                qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
-                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&serial->source,
-                                                      serial->info.alias,
-                                                      caps)))
-                    goto error;
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-                VIR_FREE(devstr);
+    if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_FSDEV)) {
+        for (i = 0 ; i < def->nfss ; i++) {
+            char *optstr;
+            virDomainFSDefPtr fs = def->fss[i];
 
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
-                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrDeviceStr(serial, caps,
-                                                     def->os.arch,
-                                                     def->os.machine)))
-                   goto error;
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-                VIR_FREE(devstr);
-            } else {
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-serial");
-                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrArgStr(&serial->source, NULL)))
-                    goto error;
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-                VIR_FREE(devstr);
-            }
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-fsdev");
+            if (!(optstr = qemuBuildFSStr(fs, caps)))
+                goto error;
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
+            VIR_FREE(optstr);
+
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
+            if (!(optstr = qemuBuildFSDevStr(fs, caps)))
+                goto error;
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
+            VIR_FREE(optstr);
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (def->nfss) {
+            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                           _("filesystem passthrough not supported by this QEMU"));
+            goto error;
         }
     }
 
-    if (!def->nparallels) {
+    if (!def->nnets) {
         /* If we have -device, then we set -nodefault already */
         if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE))
-            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-parallel", "none", NULL);
+            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-net", "none", NULL);
     } else {
-        for (i = 0 ; i < def->nparallels ; i++) {
-            virDomainChrDefPtr parallel = def->parallels[i];
-            char *devstr;
-
-            /* Use -chardev with -device if they are available */
-            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) &&
-                qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
-                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&parallel->source,
-                                                      parallel->info.alias,
-                                                      caps)))
-                    goto error;
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-                VIR_FREE(devstr);
+        int bootNet = 0;
 
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
-                virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "isa-parallel,chardev=char%s,id=%s",
-                                       parallel->info.alias,
-                                       parallel->info.alias);
-            } else {
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-parallel");
-                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrArgStr(&parallel->source, NULL)))
-                      goto error;
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-                VIR_FREE(devstr);
+        if (emitBootindex) {
+            /* convert <boot dev='network'/> to bootindex since we didn't emit
+             * -boot n
+             */
+            for (i = 0 ; i < def->os.nBootDevs ; i++) {
+                if (def->os.bootDevs[i] == VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_NET) {
+                    bootNet = i + 1;
+                    break;
+                }
             }
         }
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0 ; i < def->nchannels ; i++) {
-        virDomainChrDefPtr channel = def->channels[i];
-        char *devstr;
-        char *addr;
-        int port;
 
-        switch (channel->targetType) {
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_CHANNEL_TARGET_TYPE_GUESTFWD:
-            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) ||
-                !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
-                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                               "%s", _("guestfwd requires QEMU to support -chardev & -device"));
-                goto error;
-            }
+        for (i = 0 ; i < def->nnets ; i++) {
+            virDomainNetDefPtr net = def->nets[i];
+            char *nic, *host;
+            char tapfd_name[50] = "";
+            char vhostfd_name[50] = "";
+            int vlan;
+            int bootindex = bootNet;
+            int actualType;
 
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
-            if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&channel->source,
-                                                  channel->info.alias,
-                                                  caps)))
-                goto error;
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-            VIR_FREE(devstr);
+            bootNet = 0;
+            if (!bootindex)
+                bootindex = net->info.bootIndex;
 
-            addr = virSocketAddrFormat(channel->target.addr);
-            if (!addr)
-                goto error;
-            port = virSocketAddrGetPort(channel->target.addr);
+            /* VLANs are not used with -netdev, so don't record them */
+            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NETDEV) &&
+                qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE))
+                vlan = -1;
+            else
+                vlan = i;
 
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-netdev");
-            virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd,
-                                   "user,guestfwd=tcp:%s:%i,chardev=char%s,id=user-%s",
-                                   addr, port, channel->info.alias,
-                                   channel->info.alias);
-            VIR_FREE(addr);
-            break;
+            /* If appropriate, grab a physical device from the configured
+             * network's pool of devices, or resolve bridge device name
+             * to the one defined in the network definition.
+             */
+            if (networkAllocateActualDevice(net) < 0)
+               goto error;
 
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_CHANNEL_TARGET_TYPE_VIRTIO:
-            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
-                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                               _("virtio channel requires QEMU to support -device"));
-                goto error;
-            }
+            actualType = virDomainNetGetActualType(net);
+            if (actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_HOSTDEV) {
+                if (net->type == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_NETWORK) {
+                    virDomainHostdevDefPtr hostdev = virDomainNetGetActualHostdev(net);
+                    virDomainHostdevDefPtr found;
+                    /* For a network with <forward mode='hostdev'>, there is a need to
+                     * add the newly minted hostdev to the hostdevs array.
+                     */
+                    if (qemuAssignDeviceHostdevAlias(def, hostdev,
+                                                     (def->nhostdevs-1)) < 0) {
+                        goto error;
+                    }
 
-            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE_SPICEVMC) &&
-                channel->source.type == VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_SPICEVMC) {
-                /* spicevmc was originally introduced via a -device
-                 * with a backend internal to qemu; although we prefer
-                 * the newer -chardev interface.  */
-                ;
-            } else {
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
-                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&channel->source,
-                                                      channel->info.alias,
-                                                      caps)))
-                    goto error;
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-                VIR_FREE(devstr);
+                    if (virDomainHostdevFind(def, hostdev, &found) < 0) {
+                        if (virDomainHostdevInsert(def, hostdev) < 0) {
+                            virReportOOMError();
+                            goto error;
+                        }
+                        if (qemuPrepareHostdevPCIDevices(driver, def->name, def->uuid,
+                                                         &hostdev, 1) < 0) {
+                            goto error;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+                                       _("PCI device %04x:%02x:%02x.%x "
+                                         "allocated from network %s is already "
+                                         "in use by domain %s"),
+                                       hostdev->source.subsys.u.pci.domain,
+                                       hostdev->source.subsys.u.pci.bus,
+                                       hostdev->source.subsys.u.pci.slot,
+                                       hostdev->source.subsys.u.pci.function,
+                                       net->data.network.name,
+                                       def->name);
+                        goto error;
+                    }
+                }
+                continue;
             }
 
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
-            if (!(devstr = qemuBuildVirtioSerialPortDevStr(channel,
-                                                           caps)))
-                goto error;
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-            VIR_FREE(devstr);
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Explicit console devices */
-    for (i = 0 ; i < def->nconsoles ; i++) {
-        virDomainChrDefPtr console = def->consoles[i];
-        char *devstr;
+            if (actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_NETWORK ||
+                actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_BRIDGE) {
+                /*
+                 * If type='bridge' then we attempt to allocate the tap fd here only if
+                 * running under a privilged user or -netdev bridge option is not
+                 * supported.
+                 */
+                if (actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_NETWORK ||
+                    driver->privileged ||
+                    (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NETDEV_BRIDGE))) {
+                    int tapfd = qemuNetworkIfaceConnect(def, conn, driver, net,
+                                                        caps);
+                    if (tapfd < 0)
+                        goto error;
 
-        switch (console->targetType) {
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_CONSOLE_TARGET_TYPE_VIRTIO:
-            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
-                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                               _("virtio channel requires QEMU to support -device"));
-                goto error;
-            }
+                    last_good_net = i;
+                    virCommandTransferFD(cmd, tapfd);
 
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
-            if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&console->source,
-                                                  console->info.alias,
-                                                  caps)))
-                goto error;
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-            VIR_FREE(devstr);
+                    if (snprintf(tapfd_name, sizeof(tapfd_name), "%d",
+                                 tapfd) >= sizeof(tapfd_name))
+                        goto no_memory;
+                }
+            } else if (actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_DIRECT) {
+                int tapfd = qemuPhysIfaceConnect(def, driver, net,
+                                                 caps, vmop);
+                if (tapfd < 0)
+                    goto error;
 
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
-            if (!(devstr = qemuBuildVirtioSerialPortDevStr(console,
-                                                           caps)))
-                goto error;
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
-            VIR_FREE(devstr);
-            break;
+                last_good_net = i;
+                virCommandTransferFD(cmd, tapfd);
 
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_CONSOLE_TARGET_TYPE_SERIAL:
-            break;
+                if (snprintf(tapfd_name, sizeof(tapfd_name), "%d",
+                             tapfd) >= sizeof(tapfd_name))
+                    goto no_memory;
+            }
 
-        default:
-            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                           _("unsupported console target type %s"),
-                           NULLSTR(virDomainChrConsoleTargetTypeToString(console->targetType)));
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
+            if (actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_NETWORK ||
+                actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_BRIDGE ||
+                actualType == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_DIRECT) {
+                /* Attempt to use vhost-net mode for these types of
+                   network device */
+                int vhostfd;
 
-    for (i = 0 ; i < def->ninputs ; i++) {
-        virDomainInputDefPtr input = def->inputs[i];
+                if (qemuOpenVhostNet(def, net, caps, &vhostfd) < 0)
+                    goto error;
+                if (vhostfd >= 0) {
+                    virCommandTransferFD(cmd, vhostfd);
 
-        if (input->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_BUS_USB) {
+                    if (snprintf(vhostfd_name, sizeof(vhostfd_name), "%d",
+                                 vhostfd) >= sizeof(vhostfd_name))
+                        goto no_memory;
+                }
+            }
+            /* Possible combinations:
+             *
+             *  1. Old way:   -net nic,model=e1000,vlan=1 -net tap,vlan=1
+             *  2. Semi-new:  -device e1000,vlan=1        -net tap,vlan=1
+             *  3. Best way:  -netdev type=tap,id=netdev1 -device e1000,id=netdev1
+             *
+             * NB, no support for -netdev without use of -device
+             */
+            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NETDEV) &&
+                qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-netdev");
+                if (!(host = qemuBuildHostNetStr(net, driver, caps,
+                                                 ',', vlan, tapfd_name,
+                                                 vhostfd_name)))
+                    goto error;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, host);
+                VIR_FREE(host);
+            }
             if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
-                char *optstr;
                 virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
-                if (!(optstr = qemuBuildUSBInputDevStr(input, caps)))
+                nic = qemuBuildNicDevStr(net, vlan, bootindex, caps);
+                if (!nic)
                     goto error;
-                virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
-                VIR_FREE(optstr);
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, nic);
+                VIR_FREE(nic);
             } else {
-                virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-usbdevice",
-                                     input->type == VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_TYPE_MOUSE
-                                     ? "mouse" : "tablet", NULL);
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-net");
+                if (!(nic = qemuBuildNicStr(net, "nic,", vlan)))
+                    goto error;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, nic);
+                VIR_FREE(nic);
+            }
+            if (!(qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_NETDEV) &&
+                  qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE))) {
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-net");
+                if (!(host = qemuBuildHostNetStr(net, driver, caps,
+                                                 ',', vlan, tapfd_name,
+                                                 vhostfd_name)))
+                    goto error;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, host);
+                VIR_FREE(host);
             }
         }
     }
 
-    if (def->ngraphics > 1) {
-        virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
-                       "%s", _("only 1 graphics device is supported"));
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    if ((def->ngraphics == 1) &&
-        def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC) {
+    if (def->nsmartcards) {
+        /* -device usb-ccid was already emitted along with other
+         * controllers.  For now, qemu handles only one smartcard.  */
+        virDomainSmartcardDefPtr smartcard = def->smartcards[0];
+        char *devstr;
         virBuffer opt = VIR_BUFFER_INITIALIZER;
+        const char *database;
 
-        if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_VNC)) {
+        if (def->nsmartcards > 1 ||
+            smartcard->info.type != VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_CCID ||
+            smartcard->info.addr.ccid.controller != 0 ||
+            smartcard->info.addr.ccid.slot != 0) {
             virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                           _("vnc graphics are not supported with this QEMU"));
+                           _("this QEMU binary lacks multiple smartcard "
+                             "support"));
+            virBufferFreeAndReset(&opt);
             goto error;
         }
 
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.socket ||
-            driver->vncAutoUnixSocket) {
-
-            if (!def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.socket &&
-                virAsprintf(&def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.socket,
-                            "%s/%s.vnc", driver->libDir, def->name) == -1) {
-                goto no_memory;
+        switch (smartcard->type) {
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_SMARTCARD_TYPE_HOST:
+            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) ||
+                !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CCID_EMULATED)) {
+                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                               _("this QEMU binary lacks smartcard host "
+                                 "mode support"));
+                goto error;
             }
 
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, "unix:%s",
-                              def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.socket);
-
-        } else if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_VNC_COLON)) {
-            const char *listenNetwork;
-            const char *listenAddr = NULL;
-            char *netAddr = NULL;
-            bool escapeAddr;
-            int ret;
+            virBufferAddLit(&opt, "ccid-card-emulated,backend=nss-emulated");
+            break;
 
-            switch (virDomainGraphicsListenGetType(def->graphics[0], 0)) {
-            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_LISTEN_TYPE_ADDRESS:
-                listenAddr = virDomainGraphicsListenGetAddress(def->graphics[0], 0);
-                break;
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_SMARTCARD_TYPE_HOST_CERTIFICATES:
+            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) ||
+                !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CCID_EMULATED)) {
+                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                               _("this QEMU binary lacks smartcard host "
+                                 "mode support"));
+                goto error;
+            }
 
-            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_LISTEN_TYPE_NETWORK:
-                listenNetwork = virDomainGraphicsListenGetNetwork(def->graphics[0], 0);
-                if (!listenNetwork)
-                    break;
-                ret = networkGetNetworkAddress(listenNetwork, &netAddr);
-                if (ret <= -2) {
+            virBufferAddLit(&opt, "ccid-card-emulated,backend=certificates");
+            for (j = 0; j < VIR_DOMAIN_SMARTCARD_NUM_CERTIFICATES; j++) {
+                if (strchr(smartcard->data.cert.file[j], ',')) {
+                    virBufferFreeAndReset(&opt);
                     virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                                   "%s", _("network-based listen not possible, "
-                                           "network driver not present"));
+                                   _("invalid certificate name: %s"),
+                                   smartcard->data.cert.file[j]);
                     goto error;
                 }
-                if (ret < 0) {
-                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_XML_ERROR,
-                                   _("listen network '%s' had no usable address"),
-                                   listenNetwork);
+                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",cert%d=%s", j + 1,
+                                  smartcard->data.cert.file[j]);
+            }
+            if (smartcard->data.cert.database) {
+                if (strchr(smartcard->data.cert.database, ',')) {
+                    virBufferFreeAndReset(&opt);
+                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
+                                   _("invalid database name: %s"),
+                                   smartcard->data.cert.database);
                     goto error;
                 }
-                listenAddr = netAddr;
-                /* store the address we found in the <graphics> element so it will
-                 * show up in status. */
-                if (virDomainGraphicsListenSetAddress(def->graphics[0], 0,
-                                                      listenAddr, -1, false) < 0)
-                   goto error;
-                break;
+                database = smartcard->data.cert.database;
+            } else {
+                database = VIR_DOMAIN_SMARTCARD_DEFAULT_DATABASE;
             }
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",database=%s", database);
+            break;
 
-            if (!listenAddr)
-                listenAddr = driver->vncListen;
-
-            escapeAddr = strchr(listenAddr, ':') != NULL;
-            if (escapeAddr)
-                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, "[%s]", listenAddr);
-            else
-                virBufferAdd(&opt, listenAddr, -1);
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ":%d",
-                              def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.port - 5900);
-
-            VIR_FREE(netAddr);
-        } else {
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, "%d",
-                              def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.port - 5900);
-        }
-
-        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_VNC_COLON)) {
-            if (def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.auth.passwd ||
-                driver->vncPassword)
-                virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",password");
-
-            if (driver->vncTLS) {
-                virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",tls");
-                if (driver->vncTLSx509verify) {
-                    virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",x509verify=%s",
-                                      driver->vncTLSx509certdir);
-                } else {
-                    virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",x509=%s",
-                                      driver->vncTLSx509certdir);
-                }
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_SMARTCARD_TYPE_PASSTHROUGH:
+            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) ||
+                !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CCID_PASSTHRU)) {
+                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                               _("this QEMU binary lacks smartcard "
+                                 "passthrough mode support"));
+                goto error;
             }
 
-            if (driver->vncSASL) {
-                virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",sasl");
-
-                if (driver->vncSASLdir)
-                    virCommandAddEnvPair(cmd, "SASL_CONF_DIR",
-                                         driver->vncSASLdir);
-
-                /* TODO: Support ACLs later */
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
+            if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&smartcard->data.passthru,
+                                                  smartcard->info.alias,
+                                                  caps))) {
+                virBufferFreeAndReset(&opt);
+                goto error;
             }
-        }
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+            VIR_FREE(devstr);
 
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-vnc");
-        virCommandAddArgBuffer(cmd, &opt);
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.keymap) {
-            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-k", def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.keymap,
-                                 NULL);
-        }
+            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, "ccid-card-passthru,chardev=char%s",
+                              smartcard->info.alias);
+            break;
 
-        /* Unless user requested it, set the audio backend to none, to
-         * prevent it opening the host OS audio devices, since that causes
-         * security issues and might not work when using VNC.
-         */
-        if (driver->vncAllowHostAudio) {
-            virCommandAddEnvPass(cmd, "QEMU_AUDIO_DRV");
-        } else {
-            virCommandAddEnvString(cmd, "QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=none");
-        }
-    } else if ((def->ngraphics == 1) &&
-               def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SDL) {
-        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_0_10) &&
-            !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_SDL)) {
-            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                           _("sdl not supported by '%s'"),
-                           def->emulator);
+        default:
+            virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+                           _("unexpected smartcard type %d"),
+                           smartcard->type);
+            virBufferFreeAndReset(&opt);
             goto error;
         }
+        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
+        virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",id=%s,bus=ccid0.0", smartcard->info.alias);
+        virCommandAddArgBuffer(cmd, &opt);
+    }
 
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.sdl.xauth)
-            virCommandAddEnvPair(cmd, "XAUTHORITY",
-                                 def->graphics[0]->data.sdl.xauth);
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.sdl.display)
-            virCommandAddEnvPair(cmd, "DISPLAY",
-                                 def->graphics[0]->data.sdl.display);
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.sdl.fullscreen)
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-full-screen");
+    if (!def->nserials) {
+        /* If we have -device, then we set -nodefault already */
+        if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE))
+            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-serial", "none", NULL);
+    } else {
+        for (i = 0 ; i < def->nserials ; i++) {
+            virDomainChrDefPtr serial = def->serials[i];
+            char *devstr;
 
-        /* If using SDL for video, then we should just let it
-         * use QEMU's host audio drivers, possibly SDL too
-         * User can set these two before starting libvirtd
-         */
-        virCommandAddEnvPass(cmd, "QEMU_AUDIO_DRV");
-        virCommandAddEnvPass(cmd, "SDL_AUDIODRIVER");
+            /* Use -chardev with -device if they are available */
+            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) &&
+                qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
+                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&serial->source,
+                                                      serial->info.alias,
+                                                      caps)))
+                    goto error;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+                VIR_FREE(devstr);
+
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
+                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrDeviceStr(serial, caps,
+                                                     def->os.arch,
+                                                     def->os.machine)))
+                   goto error;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+                VIR_FREE(devstr);
+            } else {
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-serial");
+                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrArgStr(&serial->source, NULL)))
+                    goto error;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+                VIR_FREE(devstr);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
-        /* New QEMU has this flag to let us explicitly ask for
-         * SDL graphics. This is better than relying on the
-         * default, since the default changes :-( */
-        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_SDL))
-            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-sdl");
+    if (!def->nparallels) {
+        /* If we have -device, then we set -nodefault already */
+        if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE))
+            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-parallel", "none", NULL);
+    } else {
+        for (i = 0 ; i < def->nparallels ; i++) {
+            virDomainChrDefPtr parallel = def->parallels[i];
+            char *devstr;
 
-    } else if ((def->ngraphics == 1) &&
-               def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SPICE) {
-        virBuffer opt = VIR_BUFFER_INITIALIZER;
-        const char *listenNetwork;
-        const char *listenAddr = NULL;
-        char *netAddr = NULL;
-        int ret;
-        int defaultMode = def->graphics[0]->data.spice.defaultMode;
+            /* Use -chardev with -device if they are available */
+            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) &&
+                qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
+                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&parallel->source,
+                                                      parallel->info.alias,
+                                                      caps)))
+                    goto error;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+                VIR_FREE(devstr);
 
-        if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_SPICE)) {
-            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                           _("spice graphics are not supported with this QEMU"));
-            goto error;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
+                virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd, "isa-parallel,chardev=char%s,id=%s",
+                                       parallel->info.alias,
+                                       parallel->info.alias);
+            } else {
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-parallel");
+                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrArgStr(&parallel->source, NULL)))
+                      goto error;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+                VIR_FREE(devstr);
+            }
         }
+    }
 
-        virBufferAsprintf(&opt, "port=%u", def->graphics[0]->data.spice.port);
+    for (i = 0 ; i < def->nchannels ; i++) {
+        virDomainChrDefPtr channel = def->channels[i];
+        char *devstr;
+        char *addr;
+        int port;
 
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.spice.tlsPort > 0) {
-            if (!driver->spiceTLS) {
-                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                               _("spice TLS port set in XML configuration,"
-                                 " but TLS is disabled in qemu.conf"));
+        switch (channel->targetType) {
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_CHANNEL_TARGET_TYPE_GUESTFWD:
+            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_CHARDEV) ||
+                !qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
+                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
+                               "%s", _("guestfwd requires QEMU to support -chardev & -device"));
                 goto error;
             }
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",tls-port=%u",
-                              def->graphics[0]->data.spice.tlsPort);
-        }
 
-        switch (virDomainGraphicsListenGetType(def->graphics[0], 0)) {
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_LISTEN_TYPE_ADDRESS:
-            listenAddr = virDomainGraphicsListenGetAddress(def->graphics[0], 0);
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
+            if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&channel->source,
+                                                  channel->info.alias,
+                                                  caps)))
+                goto error;
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+            VIR_FREE(devstr);
+
+            addr = virSocketAddrFormat(channel->target.addr);
+            if (!addr)
+                goto error;
+            port = virSocketAddrGetPort(channel->target.addr);
+
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-netdev");
+            virCommandAddArgFormat(cmd,
+                                   "user,guestfwd=tcp:%s:%i,chardev=char%s,id=user-%s",
+                                   addr, port, channel->info.alias,
+                                   channel->info.alias);
+            VIR_FREE(addr);
             break;
 
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_LISTEN_TYPE_NETWORK:
-            listenNetwork = virDomainGraphicsListenGetNetwork(def->graphics[0], 0);
-            if (!listenNetwork)
-                break;
-            ret = networkGetNetworkAddress(listenNetwork, &netAddr);
-            if (ret <= -2) {
-                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                               "%s", _("network-based listen not possible, "
-                                       "network driver not present"));
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_CHANNEL_TARGET_TYPE_VIRTIO:
+            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
+                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                               _("virtio channel requires QEMU to support -device"));
                 goto error;
             }
-            if (ret < 0) {
-                virReportError(VIR_ERR_XML_ERROR,
-                               _("listen network '%s' had no usable address"),
-                               listenNetwork);
-                goto error;
+
+            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE_SPICEVMC) &&
+                channel->source.type == VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_SPICEVMC) {
+                /* spicevmc was originally introduced via a -device
+                 * with a backend internal to qemu; although we prefer
+                 * the newer -chardev interface.  */
+                ;
+            } else {
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
+                if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&channel->source,
+                                                      channel->info.alias,
+                                                      caps)))
+                    goto error;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+                VIR_FREE(devstr);
             }
-            listenAddr = netAddr;
-            /* store the address we found in the <graphics> element so it will
-             * show up in status. */
-            if (virDomainGraphicsListenSetAddress(def->graphics[0], 0,
-                                                  listenAddr, -1, false) < 0)
-               goto error;
+
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
+            if (!(devstr = qemuBuildVirtioSerialPortDevStr(channel,
+                                                           caps)))
+                goto error;
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+            VIR_FREE(devstr);
             break;
         }
+    }
 
-        if (!listenAddr)
-            listenAddr = driver->spiceListen;
-        if (listenAddr)
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",addr=%s", listenAddr);
-
-        VIR_FREE(netAddr);
+    /* Explicit console devices */
+    for (i = 0 ; i < def->nconsoles ; i++) {
+        virDomainChrDefPtr console = def->consoles[i];
+        char *devstr;
 
-        int mm = def->graphics[0]->data.spice.mousemode;
-        if (mm) {
-            switch (mm) {
-            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_MOUSE_MODE_SERVER:
-                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",agent-mouse=off");
-                break;
-            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_MOUSE_MODE_CLIENT:
-                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",agent-mouse=on");
-                break;
-            default:
-                break;
+        switch (console->targetType) {
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_CONSOLE_TARGET_TYPE_VIRTIO:
+            if (!qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
+                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
+                               _("virtio channel requires QEMU to support -device"));
+                goto error;
             }
-        }
-
-        /* In the password case we set it via monitor command, to avoid
-         * making it visible on CLI, so there's no use of password=XXX
-         * in this bit of the code */
-        if (!def->graphics[0]->data.spice.auth.passwd &&
-            !driver->spicePassword)
-            virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",disable-ticketing");
 
-        if (driver->spiceTLS)
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",x509-dir=%s",
-                              driver->spiceTLSx509certdir);
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-chardev");
+            if (!(devstr = qemuBuildChrChardevStr(&console->source,
+                                                  console->info.alias,
+                                                  caps)))
+                goto error;
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+            VIR_FREE(devstr);
 
-        switch (defaultMode) {
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_MODE_SECURE:
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",tls-channel=default");
-            break;
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_MODE_INSECURE:
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",plaintext-channel=default");
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
+            if (!(devstr = qemuBuildVirtioSerialPortDevStr(console,
+                                                           caps)))
+                goto error;
+            virCommandAddArg(cmd, devstr);
+            VIR_FREE(devstr);
             break;
-        case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_MODE_ANY:
-            /* nothing */
+
+        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_CONSOLE_TARGET_TYPE_SERIAL:
             break;
+
+        default:
+            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
+                           _("unsupported console target type %s"),
+                           NULLSTR(virDomainChrConsoleTargetTypeToString(console->targetType)));
+            goto error;
         }
+    }
 
-        for (i = 0 ; i < VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_LAST ; i++) {
-            int mode = def->graphics[0]->data.spice.channels[i];
-            switch (mode) {
-            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_MODE_SECURE:
-                if (!driver->spiceTLS) {
-                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
-                                   _("spice secure channels set in XML configuration, but TLS is disabled in qemu.conf"));
+    for (i = 0 ; i < def->ninputs ; i++) {
+        virDomainInputDefPtr input = def->inputs[i];
+
+        if (input->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_BUS_USB) {
+            if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE)) {
+                char *optstr;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-device");
+                if (!(optstr = qemuBuildUSBInputDevStr(input, caps)))
                     goto error;
-                }
-                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",tls-channel=%s",
-                                  virDomainGraphicsSpiceChannelNameTypeToString(i));
-                break;
-            case VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CHANNEL_MODE_INSECURE:
-                virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",plaintext-channel=%s",
-                                  virDomainGraphicsSpiceChannelNameTypeToString(i));
-                break;
+                virCommandAddArg(cmd, optstr);
+                VIR_FREE(optstr);
+            } else {
+                virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-usbdevice",
+                                     input->type == VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_TYPE_MOUSE
+                                     ? "mouse" : "tablet", NULL);
             }
         }
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.spice.image)
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",image-compression=%s",
-                              virDomainGraphicsSpiceImageCompressionTypeToString(def->graphics[0]->data.spice.image));
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.spice.jpeg)
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",jpeg-wan-compression=%s",
-                              virDomainGraphicsSpiceJpegCompressionTypeToString(def->graphics[0]->data.spice.jpeg));
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.spice.zlib)
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",zlib-glz-wan-compression=%s",
-                              virDomainGraphicsSpiceZlibCompressionTypeToString(def->graphics[0]->data.spice.zlib));
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.spice.playback)
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",playback-compression=%s",
-                              virDomainGraphicsSpicePlaybackCompressionTypeToString(def->graphics[0]->data.spice.playback));
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.spice.streaming)
-            virBufferAsprintf(&opt, ",streaming-video=%s",
-                              virDomainGraphicsSpiceStreamingModeTypeToString(def->graphics[0]->data.spice.streaming));
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.spice.copypaste == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_SPICE_CLIPBOARD_COPYPASTE_NO)
-            virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",disable-copy-paste");
-
-        if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_SEAMLESS_MIGRATION)) {
-            /* If qemu supports seamless migration turn it
-             * unconditionally on. If migration destination
-             * doesn't support it, it fallbacks to previous
-             * migration algorithm silently. */
-            virBufferAddLit(&opt, ",seamless-migration=on");
-        }
-
-        virCommandAddArg(cmd, "-spice");
-        virCommandAddArgBuffer(cmd, &opt);
-        if (def->graphics[0]->data.spice.keymap)
-            virCommandAddArgList(cmd, "-k",
-                                 def->graphics[0]->data.spice.keymap, NULL);
-        /* SPICE includes native support for tunnelling audio, so we
-         * set the audio backend to point at SPICE's own driver
-         */
-        virCommandAddEnvString(cmd, "QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=spice");
+    }
 
-    } else if ((def->ngraphics == 1)) {
-        virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
-                       _("unsupported graphics type '%s'"),
-                       virDomainGraphicsTypeToString(def->graphics[0]->type));
+    if (def->ngraphics > 1) {
+        virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+                       "%s", _("only 1 graphics device is supported"));
         goto error;
     }
 
+    for (i = 0 ; i < def->ngraphics ; ++i) {
+        switch (qemuBuildGraphicsCommandLine(driver, cmd, def, caps,
+                                             def->graphics[i])) {
+        case ERROR:
+            goto error;
+        case NO_MEMORY:
+            goto no_memory;
+        }
+    }
     if (def->nvideos > 0) {
         if (qemuCapsGet(caps, QEMU_CAPS_VGA)) {
             if (def->videos[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_VIDEO_TYPE_XEN) {
diff --git a/src/qemu/qemu_process.c b/src/qemu/qemu_process.c
index d8cf4c3..2a77290 100644
--- a/src/qemu/qemu_process.c
+++ b/src/qemu/qemu_process.c
@@ -2081,16 +2081,17 @@ qemuProcessInitPasswords(virConnectPtr conn,
     int ret = 0;
     qemuDomainObjPrivatePtr priv = vm->privateData;
 
-    if (vm->def->ngraphics == 1) {
-        if (vm->def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC) {
+    for (int i = 0 ; i < vm->def->ngraphics; ++i) {
+        virDomainGraphicsDefPtr graphics = vm->def->graphics[i];
+        if (graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC) {
             ret = qemuDomainChangeGraphicsPasswords(driver, vm,
                                                     VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC,
-                                                    &vm->def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.auth,
+                                                    &graphics->data.vnc.auth,
                                                     driver->vncPassword);
-        } else if (vm->def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SPICE) {
+        } else if (graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SPICE) {
             ret = qemuDomainChangeGraphicsPasswords(driver, vm,
                                                     VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SPICE,
-                                                    &vm->def->graphics[0]->data.spice.auth,
+                                                    &graphics->data.spice.auth,
                                                     driver->spicePassword);
         }
     }
@@ -3484,21 +3485,22 @@ int qemuProcessStart(virConnectPtr conn,
     VIR_DEBUG("Ensuring no historical cgroup is lying around");
     qemuRemoveCgroup(driver, vm, 1);
 
-    if (vm->def->ngraphics == 1) {
-        if (vm->def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC &&
-            !vm->def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.socket &&
-            vm->def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.autoport) {
+    for (i = 0 ; i < vm->def->ngraphics; ++i) {
+        virDomainGraphicsDefPtr graphics = vm->def->graphics[i];
+        if (graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC &&
+            !graphics->data.vnc.socket &&
+            graphics->data.vnc.autoport) {
             int port = qemuProcessNextFreePort(driver, driver->remotePortMin);
             if (port < 0) {
                 virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                                "%s", _("Unable to find an unused port for VNC"));
                 goto cleanup;
             }
-            vm->def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.port = port;
-        } else if (vm->def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SPICE) {
+            graphics->data.vnc.port = port;
+        } else if (graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SPICE) {
             int port = -1;
-            if (vm->def->graphics[0]->data.spice.autoport ||
-                vm->def->graphics[0]->data.spice.port == -1) {
+            if (graphics->data.spice.autoport ||
+                graphics->data.spice.port == -1) {
                 port = qemuProcessNextFreePort(driver, driver->remotePortMin);
 
                 if (port < 0) {
@@ -3507,13 +3509,13 @@ int qemuProcessStart(virConnectPtr conn,
                     goto cleanup;
                 }
 
-                vm->def->graphics[0]->data.spice.port = port;
+                graphics->data.spice.port = port;
             }
             if (driver->spiceTLS &&
-                (vm->def->graphics[0]->data.spice.autoport ||
-                 vm->def->graphics[0]->data.spice.tlsPort == -1)) {
+                (graphics->data.spice.autoport ||
+                 graphics->data.spice.tlsPort == -1)) {
                 int tlsPort = qemuProcessNextFreePort(driver,
-                                                      vm->def->graphics[0]->data.spice.port + 1);
+                                                      graphics->data.spice.port + 1);
                 if (tlsPort < 0) {
                     virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                                    "%s", _("Unable to find an unused port for SPICE TLS"));
@@ -3521,20 +3523,19 @@ int qemuProcessStart(virConnectPtr conn,
                     goto cleanup;
                 }
 
-                vm->def->graphics[0]->data.spice.tlsPort = tlsPort;
+                graphics->data.spice.tlsPort = tlsPort;
             }
         }
 
-        if (vm->def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC ||
-            vm->def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SPICE) {
-            virDomainGraphicsDefPtr graphics = vm->def->graphics[0];
+        if (graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC ||
+            graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SPICE) {
             if (graphics->nListens == 0) {
                 if (VIR_EXPAND_N(graphics->listens, graphics->nListens, 1) < 0) {
                     virReportOOMError();
                     goto cleanup;
                 }
                 graphics->listens[0].type = VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_LISTEN_TYPE_ADDRESS;
-                if (vm->def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC)
+                if (graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC)
                     graphics->listens[0].address = strdup(driver->vncListen);
                 else
                     graphics->listens[0].address = strdup(driver->spiceListen);
@@ -4150,19 +4151,20 @@ retry:
 
     qemuProcessRemoveDomainStatus(driver, vm);
 
-    /* Remove VNC port from port reservation bitmap, but only if it was
-       reserved by the driver (autoport=yes)
+    /* Remove VNC and Spice ports from port reservation bitmap, but only if
+       they were reserved by the driver (autoport=yes)
     */
-    if ((vm->def->ngraphics == 1) &&
-        vm->def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC &&
-        vm->def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.autoport) {
-        qemuProcessReturnPort(driver, vm->def->graphics[0]->data.vnc.port);
-    }
-    if ((vm->def->ngraphics == 1) &&
-        vm->def->graphics[0]->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SPICE &&
-        vm->def->graphics[0]->data.spice.autoport) {
-        qemuProcessReturnPort(driver, vm->def->graphics[0]->data.spice.port);
-        qemuProcessReturnPort(driver, vm->def->graphics[0]->data.spice.tlsPort);
+    for (i = 0 ; i < vm->def->ngraphics; ++i) {
+        virDomainGraphicsDefPtr graphics = vm->def->graphics[i];
+        if (graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC &&
+            graphics->data.vnc.autoport) {
+            qemuProcessReturnPort(driver, graphics->data.vnc.port);
+        }
+        if (graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SPICE &&
+            graphics->data.spice.autoport) {
+            qemuProcessReturnPort(driver, graphics->data.spice.port);
+            qemuProcessReturnPort(driver, graphics->data.spice.tlsPort);
+        }
     }
 
     vm->taint = 0;
-- 
1.8.0

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